Abstract
Exosomes are a type of extracellular vehicle, formed by budding cell membranes, containing proteins, DNA, and RNA. Concentrated cargoes from parent cells are enveloped in exosomes, which are cell specific and may have functions in the recipient cell, reflecting a novel physiological and pathological mechanism in disease development. As a transmitter, exosomes shuttle to different cells or tissues and mediate communications among these organelles. To date, several studies have demonstrated that exosomes play crucial roles in disease pathogenesis and development, such as breast and prostate cancer. However, studies investigating connections between exosomes and thyroid disease are limited. In this review, recent research advances on exosomes in thyroid cancer and Graves' disease are reviewed. These studies suggest that exosomes are involved in thyroid disease and appear as impressive potentials in thyroid therapeutic areas.
Highlights
Exosomes are extracellular vehicles (EVs) with approximate sizes of 40–100 nm with a density of 1.13–1.19 g/ml in sucrose density gradients; formed by a process of endosome membrane intracellular invagination [1], exosomes are released from patient cell, transmitting into circulation and specific sites (Figure 1)
Diverse exosomal functions have been described, including serving as transmitters shuttling between different cells and mediating intracellular communications, such as cellular differentiation, promoting angiogenesis, and modulating immune responses [15,16,17,18,19,20]. ese functions can be divided into two types: disease development and disease reversal
Hsu et al observed that miRNA-23a in exosomes derived from lung cancer cells increased tumor angiogenesis under hypoxic and normal conditions [26]. ese observations show that miRNAs in exosomes secreted from cancer cells enhance angiogenesis, promoting tumor development in cancer
Summary
Exosomes are extracellular vehicles (EVs) with approximate sizes of 40–100 nm with a density of 1.13–1.19 g/ml in sucrose density gradients; formed by a process of endosome membrane intracellular invagination [1], exosomes are released from patient cell, transmitting into circulation and specific sites (Figure 1). Hsu et al observed that miRNA-23a in exosomes derived from lung cancer cells increased tumor angiogenesis under hypoxic and normal conditions [26]. Ese observations show that miRNAs in exosomes secreted from cancer cells enhance angiogenesis, promoting tumor development in cancer. Ese data demonstrate that proteins in exosomes derived from cancer cells, directly or indirectly, affect tumor migration. Song et al revealed that miRNA-146, a well-known anti-inflammatory factor, packaged in exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells, targeted macrophages, resulting in anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype formation [30]. It appears that anti-inflammatory M2 phenotypes generated by exosomal mechanisms are efficient in assisting inflammatory disorder reversal. GD deserves further research as it seriously impacts the quality of life
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