Abstract
Simple SummaryTo date, extracellular vesicles, including exosomes, have markedly gained attention in scientific research because of their physiological homogeneity as well as stability for transporting regulatory molecules to recipient cells. Recently, it has been shown that exosomes impact gametes and embryo development in several mammalian species; however, there is still scant information on the physiological effects of exosomes on the canine reproduction system. In this regard, we elucidate the possible roles of exosomes involvement in oviduct and cumulus-oocyte complexes mutual communications and how oviduct regulates their development via molecular signaling pathways.The canine oviduct is a unique reproductive organ where the ovulated immature oocytes complete their maturation, while the other mammals ovulate matured gametes. Due to their peculiar reproductive characteristics, the in vitro maturation of dog oocytes is still not wellestablished compared with other mammals. Investigations of the microenvironment conditions in the oviductal canal are required to establish a reliable in vitro maturation system in the dog. Previous studies have suggested that the oviduct and its derivatives play a key role in improving fertilization as well as embryo development. In particular, the biological function of oviduct-derived exosomes on sperm and early embryo development has been investigated in porcine, bovine, and murine species. However, the information about their functions on canine cumulus-oocyte complexes is still elusive. Recent canine reproductive studies demonstrated how oviduct-derived extracellular vesicles such as microvesicles and exosomes interact with oocyte-cumulus complexes and how they can play roles in regulating canine cumulus/oocyte communications. In this review, we summarize the physiological characteristics of canine oviduct-derived exosomes and their potential effects on cumulus cells development as well as oocyte in vitro maturation via molecular signaling pathways.
Highlights
Among the many types of extracellular vesicles (EVs) classified according to their size and origin, exosomes are the smallest in size (30–100 nm indiameter) and they can serve as vehicles for the transfer of selectively sorted cellular substances and molecular cargos such as mRNA, miRNAs, DNA, and lipids to the recipient cells [2,3,4,16,17]
In line with recent research for exosomes on reproduction, this review discussed how play a crucial role in reproductive processes, especially during oocyte development in mammals, exosomesdogs
This article brings new insights into the contribution of candidates for regulating oocyte maturation in canine reproduction, which would suggest a new exosomes as potential candidates for regulating oocyte maturation in canine reproduction, which would suggest a new avenue for establishing novel in vitro maturation, in vitro fertilization, and embryo in vitro culture systems
Summary
Since the extracellular vesicles (EVs) were first discovered 50 years ago in plasma [1], it has been demonstrated that all biological fluids possess such membranous nanovesicles that play key roles in cellular functions and mediate intercellular communication [2,3,4]. The EVs content are determined by several factors such as the type, physiological, and pathological status of the donor cells [6]. The lipid content contributes to the biogenesis of the EVs by transporting hormone-like molecules and regulating homeostasis in the recipient cells [11]. Among the many types of EVs classified according to their size and origin, exosomes are the smallest in size (30–100 nm indiameter) and they can serve as vehicles for the transfer of selectively sorted cellular substances and molecular cargos such as mRNA, miRNAs, DNA, and lipids to the recipient cells [2,3,4,16,17]. Due to the pleiotropic and bio-functional roles of exosomes in numerous cellular systems, interest in exosomes as potential biomarkers has exponentially increased, including for the reproductive system
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