Abstract
Extracellular Vesicles (EVs), which belong to nanoscale vesicles, including microvesicles (MVs) and exosomes, are now considered a new important tool for intercellular neuronal communication in the Central Nervous System (CNS) under physiological and pathological conditions. EVs are shed into blood, peripheral body fluids and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) by a large variety of cells. EVs can act locally on neighboring and distant cells. EVs represent the fingerprints of the originating cells and can carry a variety of molecular constituents of their cell of origin, including protein, lipids, DNA and microRNAs (miRNAs). The most studied EVs are the exosomes because they are ubiquitous and have the capacity to transfer cell-derived components and bioactive molecules to target cells. In this minireview, we focused on cell-cell communication in CNS mediated by exosomes and their important cargo as an innovative way to treat or follow up with CNS diseases.
Highlights
The central nervous system (CNS) is characterized by twoway communication between its various cellular components [1]
We have summarized the current state of knowledge on the contribution of exosomes and their material to the pathogenesis of CNS disorders, as well as their involvement in the maintenance of healthy physiological conditions
In vitro treatment of distal axons with HG exosomes reduced axonal growth. These results demonstrate a functional role of exosomal miRNAs derived from HG- stimulated Schwann cells in promoting the development of diabetic peripheral neuropathy [75]
Summary
The central nervous system (CNS) is characterized by twoway communication between its various cellular components [1]. EVs are heterogeneous membrane structures that circulate in the extracellular body and are involved in cellto-cell signalling. EVs represent a new emerging mode of cellular communication They circulate in the extracellular body fluid and have the ability to modulate the different biological processes and pathways, including neuroinflammation and a large number of diverse diseases, including neurological disorders [12 - 15]. EVs consist of heterogeneous membranous structures and are formed by a phospholipid bilayer that contains active biological molecular components of the parental cell, including proteins, lipids, DNAs, mRNAs, miRNAs, non‐coding RNAs, and organelles [33]. EVs can influence their biological messengers in distinct ways, for example, by delivering receptors and/or exchanging phospholipids between cells, consigning intracellular proteins or transferring mRNA, which act as signaling complexes and stimulate target cells directly [44]. Circulating EVs can be used as biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic follow-up of CNS-associated diseases [52, 53]
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