Abstract
Due to the emergence of antibiotic resistance and new and more complex diseases that affect livestock animal health and food security, the control of epidemics has become a top priority worldwide. Vaccination represents the most important and cost-effective measure to control infectious diseases in animal health, but it represents only 23% of the total global animal health market, highlighting the need to develop new vaccines. A recent strategy in animal health vaccination is the use of extracellular vesicles (EVs), lipid bilayer nanovesicles produced by almost all living cells, including both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. EVs have been evaluated as a prominent source of viral antigens to elicit specific immune responses and to develop new vaccination platforms as viruses and EVs share biogenesis pathways. Preliminary trials with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection (LCMV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), and Marek’s disease virus (MDV) have demonstrated that EVs have a role in the activation of cellular and antibody immune responses. Moreover, in parasitic diseases such as Eimeria (chickens) and Plasmodium yoelii (mice) protection has been achieved. Research into EVs is therefore opening an opportunity for new strategies to overcome old problems affecting food security, animal health, and emerging diseases. Here, we review different conventional approaches for vaccine design and compare them with examples of EV-based vaccines that have already been tested in relation to animal health.
Highlights
According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), one of the key challenges of the future will be covering food demand [1]
Due to globalization and the wide economic and social impacts, the control of diseases for food security and animal health has become a top priority of the WHO/FAO [3,4]
PBMCs derived from vaccinated pigs using a prime–boost strategy elicited antibody immune responses, but, importantly, they elicited cell-mediated immune responses that could be measured by IFN-γ secreting cells, which was not observed when using a classical peptide plus adjuvant approach
Summary
According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), one of the key challenges of the future will be covering food demand [1]. Due to globalization and the wide economic and social impacts, the control of diseases for food security and animal health has become a top priority of the WHO/FAO [3,4]. Vaccines are one of the most cost-effective tools to control and eventually eliminate infectious diseases, and they are a basic strategy of preventive medicine programs in livestock In this context, the global animal health product market was worth USD 15 billion in 2005 [6] and of this amount, vaccines represented only 23% of the total [7], indicating that a concerted effort on the research on and the development of new vaccination strategies for novel and old veterinary infectious diseases is desperately needed. We review different conventional approaches for vaccine design and compare them to the few examples of extracellular vesicles (EVs)-based vaccines that have already been tested in relation to animal health
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