Abstract
Exosomes in cardiovascular theranostics are gaining popularity due to their immense diagnostic and therapeutic potential generally ascribed to their specific payload and temporospatial release under a specific set of conditions. A recently published bibliometric research analyzing 1039 studies has shown a flourishing trend in cardiovascular medicine. Exosomes constitute an integral part of the paracrine secretions of stem/progenitor cells, which significantly contribute to intercellular communication by transferring signaling molecules between communicating cells. Interestingly, their payload can be modified by the physical, pharmacological, or genetic manipulation of the parent cells from which they have been derived. Alternatively, more recent studies have developed protocols to load them with the payload of interest for specific therapeutic applications. Similarly, they are also released from various myocardial cells, including cardiomyocytes, in response to injuries with diverging payload profiles, which can be used for diagnostic purposes. This chapter discusses in-depth mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived exosomes for their theranostic application in cardiovascular pathologies encompassing in vitro, small experimental animal models as well as translational and clinical studies.KeywordsCell-free therapyExosomesHeartInfarctionParacrineStem cells
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