Abstract
Exosomes are the extracellular vesicles surrounded by a phospholipid bilayer shed from all cell varieties and plays a significant role in the communication and Transportation of materials between the cells due to their ability to transfer the proteins and nucleic acids from One cell to the another cell. Analogous in size and performance to synthetic nanoparticles, exosomes provide several Advantages, rendering them the foremost promising candidates for targeted drug or gene delivery vehicles. This review highlights the isolation techniques and delivery potential of exosomes, and equally presents research or analysis gaps for enhancing the use of natural vesicles for delivery functions. Exosome-based drug formulations can be applied to an extensive variety of diseases such as various infectious, cardiovascular, cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. Mostly, exosomes combine the benefits of both synthetic nanocarriers and cell-mediated drug delivery systems however avoiding their limitations.
Highlights
The term “exosome” was coined by Rose Johnstone in late 1970s, because the vesicles she found emerging from sheep reticulocytes structurally resembled endosomes, these particular ones were exiting material rather than entering [1]
Exosomes are mixed with a drug, and the mixture is loaded into a syringe-based lipid extruder and extruded through membranes with 100–400 nm porous size, at controlled temperature
Catalase into exosomes ex vivo using different methods were loaded by the saponin-assisted process, a mixture of catalase and exosomes was supplemented with 0.2% saponin and placed on a shaker for 20 min at RT
Summary
The term “exosome” was coined by Rose Johnstone in late 1970s, because the vesicles she found emerging from sheep reticulocytes structurally resembled endosomes, these particular ones were exiting material rather than entering [1]. Ultrafiltration is a technique that separates biomolecules based on different sizes Lobb group [21] suggested this process as a faster alternative to ultracentrifugation when they observed that it led to a higher recovery of exosome particles This method involves the use of membrane filters and pressure to eliminate large molecular size contaminants with subsequent isolation of exosomes. An emerging modification to this procedure involves the separation of the ultrafiltration product by liquid chromatography for further purification [22, 23] This extra step is expected to increase the production cost, which is considered important when using exosomes in food applications. In this process, antibodies coat the magnetic beads that target the proteins present on the exosome surface. The process would not be efficient for largescale isolation of exosomes due to the dissociation and purification steps essential after their binding to the antibodies
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