Abstract
Bone growth and metabolism are mainly regulated by a series of intracellular molecules and extracellular stimuli. Exosome, as a nanoscale substance secreted to the outside of the cells, plays an extensive role in intercellular communication. This review provides theoretical references and evidences for further exploration of exosomes as noncoding RNA carriers to regulate bone tissue recovery through the following aspects: (1) basic characteristics of exosomes, (2) research progress of exosomal noncoding RNA in bone tissue engineering, (3) current status and advantages of engineering exosomes as nanocarriers for noncoding RNA delivery, and (4) problems and application prospects of exosome therapy in the field of orthopedics.
Highlights
Destructive osteopathy is mainly due to the failure of the bone remodeling process, including enhanced osteoclast activity or reduced osteoblast generation [1, 2]
In order to better understand the mechanism of exosomes as noncoding RNA vectors regulating bone remodeling, we reviewed the newest findings on the feature and role of exosomes in bone formation
Exosomes are increasingly being studied in the field of bone reconstruction
Summary
Destructive osteopathy is mainly due to the failure of the bone remodeling process, including enhanced osteoclast activity or reduced osteoblast generation [1, 2]. Recent studies reported that the key factor for bone reconstruction was exosome [13] These organelles play a crucial role in intercellular messengers, transferring bioactive molecules to nearby or distant cells under physiological and pathological conditions [14, 15]. As a kind of nanomaterial, exosome has been explored in the field of diagnostic [16], therapeutics [17], and drug delivery [18] (Figure 1). Existing drug carriers, such as artificially manufactured liposomes, can cause accumulated toxicity and immunogenicity in the body, limiting the wide application of such drug carriers [20, 21]. We focused on elaborating the feasible clinical application of bone exosomes and the characteristics of exosomal noncoding RNAs in the regulation of bone reconstruction
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