Abstract
Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Annually, millions of people die from lung cancer because of late detection and ineffective therapies. Recently, exosomes have been introduced as new therapeutic players with the potential to improve upon current diagnostic and treatment options. Exosomes are small membranous vesicles produced during endosomal merging. This allows for cell packaging of nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids and transfer to adjacent or distant cells. While exosomes are a part of normal intercellular signaling, they also allow malignant cells to transfer oncogenic material leading to tumor spread and metastasis. Exosomes are an interesting field of discovery for biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Among exosomal materials, lncRNAs have priority; lncRNAs are a class of noncoding RNAs longer than 200 base pairs. In the case of cancer, primary interest regards their oncogene and tumor suppressor functions. In this review, the advantages of exosomal lncRNAs as biomarkers and therapeutic targets will be discussed in addition to reviewing studies of their application in lung cancer.
Highlights
Lung cancer is the most prevalent cancer in men and is the third most common cancer in women following breast and coloncancers [1]
We described important roles of Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and exosome in cancer and their potency to serve as a biomarker. is section will focus on lncRNA as a component of exosomes in lung cancer. e physiologic functions of lncRNAs are instructive for selecting a marker or target because it would decrease accidental differential expression among cases and controls
We have reviewed studies that evaluated exosomal lncRNAs in lung cancer which are summarized in Table 1. e first is a 2017 study conducted by Zhang et al in which exosomes were isolated with ExoQuick from 77 nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients and healthy controls
Summary
Lung cancer is the most prevalent cancer in men and is the third most common cancer in women following breast and coloncancers [1]. LncRNAs have both oncogenic and tumor-suppressing roles [31] and contribute to the progression of metastasis [32] and reprogramming metabolism in cancer cells to foster survival in substrate-limited or acidic microenvironments [33]. LncRNAs have important roles in the formation of malignant cells, cancer progression, and metastasis by way of both oncogenic and tumor-suppressing activities. Regarding tumor-suppressing function, lncRNAs can promote apoptosis and oncogenic miRNA sponges, as well as arrest both the cell cycle and epidermal mesenchymal transition (EMT). E second example is AFAP1-AS1, an antiapoptotic lncRNA, which is transcribed from the sense strand of the AFAP1 locus [58] Downregulating this lncRNA via siRNA in esophageal adenocarcinoma OE-33 cell line leads to cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase resulting in apoptosis [58, 59]. Their specificity to different types of cancers and concentrations in cancers vs normal tissues make them viable diagnostic markers; knowledge of these molecules is growing and will certainly evolve
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