Exon scanning by reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction for detection of known and novel EML4–ALK fusion variants in non–small cell lung cancer

Abstract

Chromosomal inversions within chromosome 2p, resulting in fusions between the echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 (EML4) and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) genes, are a recent focus of treatment options for non-small cell lung cancer. Thirteen EML4-ALK fusion variants have been identified, affecting eight EML4 exons. We have developed an exon scanning approach using multiplex reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to amplify known and potential variants involving the first 22 EML4 exons. A total of 55 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded lung cancer tumors were screened, of which 5 (9%) were positive for EML4-ALK fusions. Four positive cases harbored known fusion variants: variant 3a, 3b, or both in three cases and variant 1 in one case. The fifth positive specimen harbored two novel variants, designated 8a and 8b, involving exon 17 of EML4. Fluorescence in situ hybridization confirmed the presence of EML4-ALK fusions in three of the four RT-PCR-positive specimens with sufficient tissue for examination, and also confirmed absence of fusions in all 19 RT-PCR-negative specimens tested. Immunohistochemistry analysis confirmed ALK protein expression in the sample containing the novel 8a and 8b variants. This RT-PCR-based exon scanning approach avoids the limitations of screening only for previously identified EML4-ALK fusions and provides a simple molecular assay for fusion detection in a clinical diagnostics setting.