Exogenous Arachidonic Acid Mediates Permeability of Human Brain Microvessel Endothelial Cells through Prostaglandin E2 Activation of EP3 and EP4 Receptors

Abstract

The blood‐brain barrier, formed by microvessel endothelial cells, is the restrictive barrier between the brain parenchyma and the circulating blood. Arachidonic acid (ARA; 5,8,11,14‐cis‐eicosatetraenoic acid) is a conditionally essential polyunsaturated fatty acid [20:4(n‐6)] and is a major constituent of brain lipids. The current study examined the transport processes for ARA in confluent monolayers of human brain microvessel endothelial cells (HBMEC). Addition of radioactive ARA to the apical compartment of HBMEC cultured on Transwell® inserts resulted in rapid incorporation of radioactivity into the basolateral medium. Knock down of fatty acid transport proteins did not alter ARA passage into the basolateral medium due to the rapid generation of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), an eicosanoid known to facilitate opening of the blood‐brain barrier. Permeability following ARA or PGE2 exposure was confirmed by an increased movement of fluorescein‐labeled dextran from apical to basolateral medium. ARA‐mediated permeability was attenuated by specific cyclooxygenase‐2 inhibitors. EP3 and EP4 receptor antagonists attenuated the ARA mediated permeability of HBMEC. The results indicate that ARA increases permeability of HBMEC monolayers likely via increased production of PGE2 which acts upon EP3 and EP4 receptors to mediate permeability. These observations may explain the rapid influx of ARA into the brain previously observed upon plasma infusion with ARA.