Exogenous and endogenous factors affecting stock market transactions: A Hawkes process analysis of the Tokyo Stock Exchange during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Implicit feedback is an attractive source of training data in Learning to Rank (LTR). However, naively use of this data can produce unfair ranking policies originating from both exogenous and endogenous factors. Exogenous factors comes from biases in the training data, which can lead to rich-get-richer dynamics. Endogenous factors can result in ranking policies that do not allocate exposure among items in a fair way. Item exposure is a common components influencing both endogenous and exogenous factors which depends on not only position but also Inter-item dependencies. In this project, we focus on a specific case of these Inter-item dependencies which is the existence of an outlier in the list. We first define and formalize outlierness in ranking, then study the effects of this phenomenon on endogenous and exogenous factors. We further investigate the visual aspects of presentational features and their impact on item outlierness.

Healthcare expenditure on pharmaceuticals, especially innovative oncology drugs, is escalating. Current knowledge on this topic is largely limited to studies conducted upon reimbursement of new drugs. We investigated how endogenous factors (e.g., changed reimbursement criteria, such as an expanded indication) and exogenous factors (e.g., competing drugs) affect the level and trends of innovative oncology drug utilization in the Taiwan National Health Insurance (NHI) system, both upon reimbursement and afterward. This retrospective longitudinal study analyzed monthly data (January 2009 to December 2014) from the NHI Research Database on the consumption (prescribing volume) of 15 innovative oncology drugs reimbursed by the NHI between 2007 and 2013. Effects of endogenous and exogenous factors on drug utilization were evaluated using interrupted time series analyses. In segmented regression analyses, changed drug prescribing volume after the indication expanded (endogenous factor) was statistically significant; however, drug volume did not change significantly after prescription restrictions changed. First‐competitors and non‐first‐competitors (exogenous factors) were significantly associated with drug prescription levels or utilization rates. Taking sorafenib as an example, the post‐reimbursement drug prescribing volume did not change significantly after its therapy line changed (endogenous factor), whereas the reimbursement of first‐competitors (exogenous factor) was significantly associated with a lower level or usage rate of sorafenib. Utilization of innovative oncology drugs in Taiwan changed dramatically after NHI reimbursement, driven largely by expanded indications and new competitors. Drug utilization evaluations should investigate both endogenous and exogenous factors.

A literature review in the article presents an analysis of the influence of endogenous and exogenous factors on quality of preanalytical phase of laboratory testing. The review shows significance of external and internal factors influencing blood samples at preanalytical phase of laboratory testing. Among the exogenous factors considered: phlebotomy, test tubes for samples, transportation and storage. A number of factors exist at this phase that significantly affect test results. We examined these aspects of phlebotomy process: staff training, disinfectant contamination, needle diameter, needle material contamination. The review considers possible contamination with tube components and the importance of choosing the right anticoagulants and excipients. Transportation and storage of biological samples can be a source of errors at the preanalytical phase of laboratory testing. We analyzed the problem of determining the stability of analytes during storage and aspects of transportation samples by modern means. Among the endogenous factors considered: hemolysis, lipemia, icterricity, cell metabolism.. Hemolysis is one of the most frequent consequences of errors at the preanalytical phase. We analyzed importance of choosing a method for identifying hemolized tubes and the heterogeneity of bias results on different analytical systems. The review shows contribution of various classes of lipoproteins to turbidity of sample, possible preanalytical errors and impact on analytical tests. We examined possible effects of high bilirubin concentrations on analyte measurements. In the review, we also examined metabolism of some cells and its effect on samples.

Relevance. Cancer stands as a prominent cause of untimely mortality in young and middle-aged individuals (aged 20-64 years). The inquiry into the extent of influence exerted by external risk factors on the emergence of oral mucosal oncopathology remains pertinent. Equally crucial is understanding the intricate interplay among different groups of factors and their effects.Research objective. To determine the extent of influence exerted by various endogenous and exogenous risk factors on the development of malignant oral mucosal lesions, based on contemporary literature data, and to assess their interrelationships.Materials and methods. The research material was the analysis of literary data from bibliographic sources – Elsevier, PubMed, Elibrary, Google Academy, Medline, Cyberleninka. The study included literature sources in Russian and English. The second part of the review combines studies devoted to the study of the influence of exogenous controlled factors on the risk of developing malignant neoplasms of the oral mucosa.Results. Through contemporary literature analysis, the potential and scale of influence attributed to controllable exogenous risk factors in the development of malignant oral mucosal lesions have been established. Notably, significant impact has been associated with smoking and alcohol consumption. Additionally, adverse socio-economic conditions, environmental factors, and dietary habits have been identified as contributors to an elevated cancer risk. Throughout this investigation, it became evident that literature sources frequently highlight the influence of individual factors without adequately considering potential synergies, antagonistic effects, or interactions with endogenous factors. Moreover, certain factors pivotal to the carcinogenesis of oral cavity tumors remain inadequately researched.Conclusion. To facilitate efficient primary and secondary prevention measures, it is imperative to advance and refine a multidisciplinary research methodology. This approach should aim to comprehensively identify the collective impact of diverse groups of risk factors on the progression of malignant oral mucosal lesions.

The impact of exogenous and endogenous factors on external knowledge sourcing for innovation: The dual effects of the external environment

The main biochemical characteristic of Parkinson’s disease is the degeneration of the dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurons which originate in the substantia nigra pars compacta and project to the striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen; Agid et al. 1987). The cause of the neuronal death remains unknown. The origin of the disease does not seem to be due to some viral infection or autoimmune phenomena. Studies on monozygotic twins have found a low concordance rate, suggesting a limited role for heredity (Duvoisin 1986). However, there might be a genetic component, since an autosomal dominant transmission has been described in some families (Johnson et al. 1990). An endogenous factor may contribute to the appearance of the disease; indeed, abnormalities in the mitochondrial electron transport chain have been observed in idiopathic Parkinson’s disease, suggesting that the mitochondrial genome might be affected (Parkeret al. 1989; Schapira et al. 1990a). However, one cannot exclude the possibility that an exogenous factor is responsible for the disease, and epidemiological investigations have searched for environmental risk factors (Koller et al. 1990). The hypothesis for an exogenous toxis factor has been supported by observations of cases of permanent parkinsonism produced in humans and monkeys by l-methyl-4-ρhenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydroρyridine (MPTP) intoxication, a drug thought to selectively destroy the nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons (Langston et al. 1983). Therefore, dopaminergic cell death in Parkinson’s disease could be due to the presence of a permanent exogenous or endogenous toxic factor. The biochemical characteristics of the striatal and nigral dopamine denervation, as well as a number of chemical abnormalities detectable at the time of decease in the substantia nigra, support this hypothesis.

Abstract: Stages of growth and development in children are affected by various internal and external factors, some of which have a greater impact than others. Among internal factors, the most important one is the genetic factor which includes disposition, gender, race, etc. However, during phases of growth and development in children, it is important to know what is the body condition of the child as a system, and the functionality of each subsystem. That is because the functioning of each internal subsystem depends to a certain degree on the impact of external factors such as living conditions, body activity, season, hygiene and nutrition. The goal of this research was to verify the presence of any statistically significant differences in anthropometric body characteristics of Montenegro and Kosovo primary school students, in relation to their age. The respondents' sample was comprised of 600 primary school male students from Montenegro and Kosovo aged 13, 14 and 15 years old. The total sample of 600 respondents included 300 boys from Montenegro, and 300 boys from Kosovo. Anthropometric characteristics were assessed with a test battery of 12 anthropometric variables. Following a T-test for independent sample analysis, the acquired results show that there is a statistically significant difference in the manifesting area of anthropometric characteristics between 13, 14 and 15-year-old Montenegrin and Kosovar boys. Due to these reasons, the morphologic body structure, which is based on the mutual interactions of all anthropologic measures, could differ in various stages of development. More specifically, certain anthropometric characteristics in various time points can partake in a certain morphological body structure with various participation coefficients. However, the development of certain anthropometric characteristics is significantly determined by the individual frame of endogenous and exogenous conditioned factors, which in the same development period determine a different physiological age to various subjects. In some anthropometric characteristics, especially those significantly influenced by exogenous factors, variations in the population of the same chronological age may differ greatly. We may conclude that anthropometric characteristics vary in time depending not only on endogenic factors, but also ethnic, socio-economic, and other exogenous factors.

Congenital abnormalities occur in 2-3% of all children and about 1% have hereditary syndromes or multiple malformations. About 30% of all cases have a cleft lip or palate. Genetic factors such as chromosomal abnormalities and gene mutations cause about 15% of congenital abnormalities; exogenous environmental factors cause about 10% of defects; a combination of genetic and environmental factors (multifactorial inheritance) cause 20-25%; multiple pregnancy causes 0.5-1% of congenital abnormalities. Craniofacial anomalies represent an important pediatric problem. They are among the leading causes of infant mortality and morbidity. Craniofacial anomalies mainly affect the development of the skull and facial bones. These defects range from mild to severe, which can be life-threatening and require immediate surgical intervention. Examination of patients with congenital cranial pathology is of particular importance, since a correct diagnosis can often be established only by taking into consideration all stigmas and malformations. The onset of pathology occurs during ontogenesis: normal embryonic development is disturbed under the influence of exogenous and endogenous factors, to which the body is particularly sensitive during critical periods. The consequences of various endogenous and exogenous factors are disruption of growth and development of the organism and occurrence of congenital malformations as an independent unit or occurrence of hereditary syndromes as a set of certain symptoms. Craniofacial syndromes can be divided into several groups. They are most often accompanied by premature fusion of cranial sutures (craniosynostosis) and syndromes with cleft formation. The most frequent syndromes in this group are: Crouzon syndrome, suture synostosis, microsomia, cerebral anomalies and midface clefts. These developmental disorders can lead to a variety of health consequences, namely affecting these patients’ respiratory health, appearance, brain development, hearing, vision, bite, speech, and mental development. Congenital malformations of the skull bones can be related to genetic mutations and environmental factors. Conclusion. Based on the analysis of the literature, a brief clinical characterization of the most common hereditary syndromes accompanied by cerebral and facial skull deformities is given, the type of inheritance and the gene mutation that causes these disorders are indicated

Abstract. The theoretical bases of determining the influence of banking sector on the innovative development of economy are systematized and improved. The current theoretical provisions characterizing the processes for organization of relations between banks and enterprises of real sector of economy and arising from financing of innovative development of the country are determined. Different approaches of scientists to assess the relationship between banking sector and economic growth are described. The generalization of the current approaches in the scientific literature for the definition of «interaction of the banking and real sectors» allowed us to say that they are limited to the composition of participants and the priority in the initiation of interaction; the scale of interaction (interaction on micro-, meso- and macroeconomic levels based on the influence of endogenous and exogenous factors) and the forms of interaction (syndicated lending, integration, partnership).It is proved that financial interaction between the subjects of the innovation process is determined by exogenous and endogenous factors. Exogenous factors are a set of factors of macro- and microeconomic environments, which form the position of the external environment of the national banking sector and create the potential for opportunities to finance innovation. The group of endogenous factors consists of transformational and transactional factors that shape the internal environment of banks, determine the availability of their financial potential and the possibility of using it to finance the needs of innovative economic development. The study proved the possibility of obtaining a positive or negative synergistic effect from bank financing of innovative development, depending on the impact of mentioned factors on the results of lending relations and the possibility of forming the required financial resources for banks’ lending to innovative projects and programs, taking into account threats and innovation risks. The possibility of the impact of innovative loans of banking sector on the development of economy at the macro- and microeconomic levels is assessed. It is indicated that understanding the results of the processes of interaction between banks and borrowers under the influence of various factors will contribute to the formation of an effective lending risk management system to obtain a positive effect from bank lending to the needs of innovative economic development. Keywords: innovative development of economy, the bank, the borrower, the financial interaction, factors of influence the potential, synergistic effect, innovative risks. JEL Classіfіcatіon G21,G24, O16, O31 Formulas: 0; fig.: 1; tabl.: 0; bibl.: 20.

Understanding the relative importance of exogenous and endogenous factors in natural population dynamics has been a central question in ecology. However, until recently few studies used long-term data to assess factors driving small mammal abundance in Neotropical savannas. We used a 9-year data set, based on monthly captures, to understand the population dynamics of two scansorial small mammals inhabiting the Brazilian Cerrado: the semelparous gracile mouse opossum (Gracilinanus agilis), and the iteroparous long-tailed climbing mouse (Rhipidomys macrurus), the two most abundant species at Panga Ecological Station (Uberlândia/MG). We tested the impact of two fires that occurred in 2014 and 2017 on the abundance of both populations. Also, we used Royama’s framework to identify the role of the endogenous system (intraspecific competition) and exogenous factors (annual rainfall, days with minimum and maximum temperatures, annual minimum Normalized Difference Vegetation Index [NDVI], and Southern Oscillation Index) in population dynamics. Extensive and severe fires had a lasting, negative impact on the studied populations, probably by reducing the carrying capacity of the environment. Both populations were influenced by negative first-order feedback, indicating density-dependent effects. Moreover, the endogenous system and the annual minimum NDVI operated as vertical effects determining G. agilis dynamics, while the R. macrurus population was governed by the vertical effects of 1-year lagged rainfall. Our results support the contention that small mammal population fluctuations are driven by the interaction between endogenous (density-dependent) and exogenous factors, which in this study were mainly associated with habitat complexity. Despite ecological similarities shared by both species, their response and recovery time to disturbances and environmental variables varied, probably due to their contrasting life histories. Hence, we emphasize the need to consider species life histories to understand the responses of small mammals to extreme events and reinforce the importance of long-term studies that evaluate the combined effects of endogenous and exogenous variables on population dynamics.

Simple SummaryIn this overview of the literature, we explore the complex endogenous and exogenous factors influencing the success of ovine artificial insemination (AI). From genetic dynamics and age-related fertility variations to the complexities of cervical anatomy and semen quality, we explore the nuances impacting ovine AI. Additionally, we examine the ongoing debate between natural and hormonal synchronization, semen handling, and the profound effects of environmental stressors like heat and nutritional stress. Our findings suggest that a holistic approach, considering both endogenous and exogenous factors, is crucial for optimizing AI outcomes in sheep breeding programs. This overview of the literature serves as a valuable guide for researchers, veterinarians, and sheep breeders, offering practical insights to enhance the efficiency and success of ovine AI programs and contribute to improved reproductive outcomes and genetic progress.Artificial insemination (AI) plays a vital role in animal breeding programs. AI is applied to enhance animal genetics and facilitate the widespread integration of desirable characteristics with a high potential for productivity. However, in sheep, this biotechnology is not commonly practicable due to multi-factorial challenges, resulting in inconsistent outcomes and unpredictable results. Thoughtful selection of semen donors and recipients based on genetic merit deeply impacts ovine AI outcomes. Additionally, endogenous factors such as breed, age, fertility traits, genetic disorders, and cervical anatomy in ewes contribute to ovine AI success. Extensive research has studied exogenous influences on sexual behavior, reproductive health, and hormonal regulation, all impacting ovine AI success. These exogenous factors include techniques like estrus induction, synchronization, semen handling methods (fresh/chilled/frozen), and insemination methods (cervical/laparoscopic), as well as nutritional factors and climatic conditions. This overview of the literature highlights the endogenous and exogenous challenges facing successful ovine AI and proposes strategies and best practices for improvement. This paper will serve as a guide for understanding and optimizing the success of ovine AI.

Exogenous and endogenous environmental factors can have simultaneous additive as well as interacting effects on life‐history traits. Ignoring such interactions can lead to a biased understanding of variability in demographic rates and consequently population dynamics. These interactions have been the focus of decades‐long debates on the mechanisms underlying small mammal population fluctuations. They have often been studied indirectly through seasonal effects, but studies considering them directly and more mechanistically are rare. We investigated the joint effects of exogenous (temperature, food availability) and endogenous (population density) factors on the demographic rates of a group‐living diurnal rodent, the African striped mouse Rhabdomys pumilio using nine‐year mark–recapture data from a population in the Succulent Karoo, South Africa. In general, higher temperatures and lower food availability were associated with higher survival, whereas high population densities were either beneficial or detrimental to survival depending on interacting food availability. High reproductive rates were related to lower temperatures, higher food availability and lower population density, and interactions among environmental factors mediated the strength of these relationships. Our study highlights the complex ways in which different environmental factors can interact to shape demographic rates and emphasizes the importance of explicitly including interactions among exogenous and endogenous factors into studies of population dynamics.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to focus on understanding the factors which affect the social interaction in the case of Facebook. Many authors point out the great potential of these networks for social interaction and as conduits of information. However, studies show that the topology of the network is disconnected, consisting of small sub-networks that make Facebook unsuitable for disseminating information. This situation has created the need to introduce exogenous factors, aimed at boosting and providing cohesion to the network structure. In this context, the authors test the following question: how exogenous and endogenous factors contribute to encouraging social interaction on Facebook. Design/methodology/approach For the analysis of social interaction on Facebook, a population consisting of all the followers of the walls of ten corporate social networks was used. From the total 269,424 users analyzed, a stratified sample of 132 followers was obtained and networks were built for each of them. The authors then proceeded to search for each follower’s friends and friends of friends to build the social network up to the fourth level, obtaining a total of 132 subnets with 1,628,074 links between them. To determine the impact of both exogenous and endogenous factors in the interaction of the network the authors performed a causal analysis. Findings The results obtained from this study provide empirical evidence on the adequacy of companies’ dynamization measures used and how exogenous and endogenous factors influence the social interaction on Facebook. Thus, the results show that exogenous factors, such as the activity of the community manager and the digital marketing investment in the network, do not have a significant effect on the interaction. On the other hand, endogenous factors, such as network density and clustering, have a positive effect on the trigger of social interaction between the followers. Therefore, companies must consider the importance of the structural factors that characterize network followers, such as density or clustering coefficient, to be able to interpret and optimize them to obtain higher levels of social interaction. Originality/value This is one of a few papers that examine interactions in social network sites (SNS), particularly in corporate network sites in Facebook. The results expose the importance for organizations to have reliable information on the patterns of interaction to properly manage the resources allocated for this purpose in SNS.

Population fluctuations are driven by a combination of multiple factors, which can be classified into endogenous and exogenous. Endogenous factors are directly related to density‐dependent forces, whereas exogenous factors are environmental drivers (e.g. climate). Several studies have reported the effects of endogenous and exogenous factors using exponential population models in mammals, birds or insects, but few works have explored the effects on reptiles, specifically in tortoises. In this study, we developed logistic population growth models to decipher the role of these factors on the population dynamics of the spur‐thighed tortoiseTestudo graeca. The role of environmental drivers in the distribution, movement, survival, reproduction or individual growth has been described for this species in previous works, but no studies have examined the effects of both endogenous and exogenous factors in population growth rates. Using long‐term data ofT. graecain southeastern Iberian Peninsula (1999–2013), we fitted non‐linear logistic models with endogenous and exogenous effects. The results showed that endogenous processes are important drivers of the population dynamics of this species, and that exogenous factors, such as freezing hours in winter, also directly affect the population growth rate. Intolerance of extreme winter temperatures may especially affect hatchlings and juvenile tortoises. Our models also showed that perturbations (i.e. a fire occurred during the monitoring period) have a lasting impact by reducing the carrying capacity of the population. This study shows that simple quantitative approaches based on population dynamic theory are useful for deciphering the ecological mechanisms underlying dynamics of tortoise populations.

Aim To investigate spatial autocorrelation of taxonomic stream invertebrate groups (richness and composition) at a large geographical scale and to analyse the importance of exogenous and endogenous factors.Location The Mediterranean Basin.Methods For exogenous factors, we used large‐scale factors related to climate, geology and river zonation; for endogenous factors, we used the dispersal mode of each taxonomic group. After describing and analysing spatial patterns of genus richness and genus composition of stream invertebrate groups in the Mediterranean Basin, we computed Moran’s I before and after accounting for the exogenous factors and related it to the endogenous factors.Results In relation to genus richness, most of the taxonomic groups did not show significant spatial autocorrelation, suggesting that no main large‐scale exogenous or endogenous factors were important and that local‐scale factors were probably controlling taxonomic richness. In contrast, for genus composition, all taxonomic groups except Odonata had significant spatial autocorrelation before accounting for the environment. After accounting for the environment, most taxonomic groups still had a significant spatial autocorrelation, but it decreased with their increasing dispersal ability (from Crustacea to Coleoptera). Thus, spatial taxonomic composition of groups with the strongest dispersal potential is mainly related to exogenous factors, whereas that of groups with weaker dispersal potential is related to a combination of exogenous and endogenous factors.Main conclusions Our results illustrate the importance of dispersal as an endogenous factor causing spatial autocorrelation and suggest that ignoring endogenous factors can lead to misunderstandings when explaining large‐scale community patterns.