Abstract
Organochlorine compounds (OCs) are very toxic, highly persistent, and ubiquitous contaminants in the environment. Degradation of lindane, a selected OC, by simulated solar light-activated TiO2 (SSLA-TiO2) photocatalysis was investigated. The film types of the TiO2 photocatalyst were prepared using a dip-coating method. The physical properties of the films were investigated using X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and environmental scanning electron microscopy. The SSLA-TiO2 photocatalysis led to a lindane removal of 23% in 6 h, with 0.042 h−1 of an observed pseudo first-order rate constant (kobs). The SSLA-TiO2 photocatalysis efficiency was greatly enhanced by adding hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), persulfate (S2O82−), or both combined, corresponding to a 64%, 89%, and 99% lindane removal in the presence of 200 µM of H2O2, S2O82−, or equimolar H2O2-S2O82−, respectively. The hydroxyl and sulfate radicals mainly participated in lindane degradation, proven by the results of a radical scavenger study. The degradation kinetics were hindered in the presence of the water constituents, indicated by a 61%, 35%, 50%, 70%, 88%, and 91% degradation of lindane in 6 h, using a SSLA-TiO2/S2O82−/H2O2 photocatalysis system containing 1.0 mg L−1 humic acid (HA), or 1 mM of CO32−, HCO3−, NO3−, SO42−, and Cl−, respectively. The TiO2 film demonstrated high reusability during four runs of lindane decomposition experiments. The SSLA-TiO2/S2O82−/H2O2 photocatalysis is very effective for the elimination of a persistent OC, lindane, from a water environment.
Highlights
Many organochlorine compounds (OCs), such as chlorinated alkanes, alkenes, benzenes, phenols, and biphenyls, are often introduced into the environment in the form of solvents, disinfectants, soil fumigants, pesticides, and as dye precursors [1]
The low cost and high efficiency of lindane led to its excessive usage in a wide application range, such as an insecticide and a seed treatment agent in the agricultural and forest industry, a vector control in public health, and as anti-mice and anti-lice agents for livestock and domestic purposes [5,6]
As the film was dried dominated in Figure the films with the synthesis method, based on the observed peaks at 2θ = 24.8, under infrared illumination and slowly heated up to 350 °C, no cracks in the TiO2 film were
Summary
Many organochlorine compounds (OCs), such as chlorinated alkanes, alkenes, benzenes, phenols, and biphenyls, are often introduced into the environment in the form of solvents, disinfectants, soil fumigants, pesticides, and as dye precursors [1]. A considerable number of OCs enter the environment as by-products from waste incineration, the chlorination of drinking water and wastewater, and bleaching of pulp with chlorine [2]. Hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) constitute one of the largest classes of chlorinated alkanes that have extensively been used as organochlorine pesticides during the last several decades [3]. Owing to the presence of large number of chlorine atoms in the molecule, lindane is a highly toxic compound and is recognized as an endocrine disruptor in the environment [8]. The development of more efficient methods for removing lindane from water is of fundamental importance for environmental cleanup
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