Abstract
Emissions of particulate matter associated with the use of light-duty vehicles are an increasingly important topic, with more and more political attention focused on this issue. Now that direct injection Diesel engines feature DPFs, particle emissions from other engine types operating on other fuels are also of great interest. This paper discusses the phenomenon in general, briefly reviews worldwide legislation and emissions limits and presents the results of a laboratory test programme measuring the particle emissions from a range of vehicles. The experimental programme showed that the engine/fuel type has a greater impact on particle emissions than the test conditions.
Highlights
Exhaust emissions of particulate matter are coming under increasing scrutiny as a form of pollution with wideranging negative impacts
The experimental section of this paper aims to contribute to the discussion in the field by presenting data obtained from exhaust emissions testing on a range of in-use engine/fuel type combinations, including a vehicle running on CNG, over the NEDC and WLTP, using European legislative techniques (PM/particle number (PN)) and an additional non-legislative particulate emissions measurement technique
In [19] particulate emissions (PN and particle mass (PM)) from CNG vehicles are reported to be at similar levels to CI with DPF at low and moderate speeds – a finding broadly confirmed by the results presented here, where emissions lay well within the Euro 5/6 Diesel limits
Summary
Exhaust emissions of particulate matter are coming under increasing scrutiny as a form of pollution with wideranging negative impacts. The chemistry of exhaust particulates depends on the fuel type, oil type and engine operating conditions and the type, condition and thermal state of the exhaust gas aftertreatment system (if present). Even where the fuel contribution is zero (during fuel cut-off or when using a zero carbon fuel such a hydrogen), particulate emissions are still detectable, with such emissions deriving from engine oil and metals originating from wear of engine components. Aftertreatment systems dedicated to removing (generally trapping and later destroying) particulate emissions are commonplace on automotive Diesel engines thanks to the roll-out of DPFs; for the time being, vehicles with other engine types are typically not fitted with such devices, the petrol equivalent to a DPF (GPF) will be required from September 2017 onwards in the EU
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