Abstract
Systemic inflammation alters the composition of exhaled breath, possibly helping clinicians diagnose conditions such as sepsis. We therefore evaluated changes in exhaled breath of rats given tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to three groups (n = 10 each) with intravenous injections of normal saline (control), 200 µg·kg−1 bodyweight TNF-α (TNF-α-200), or 600 µg·kg−1 bodyweight TNF-α (TNF-α-600), and were observed for 24 h or until death. Animals were ventilated with highly-purified synthetic air to analyze exhaled air by multicapillary column–ion mobility spectrometry. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were identified from a database. We recorded blood pressure and cardiac output, along with cytokine plasma concentrations. Control rats survived the 24 h observation period, whereas mean survival time decreased to 22 h for TNF-α-200 and 23 h for TNF-α-600 rats. Mean arterial pressure decreased in TNF-α groups, whereas IL-6 increased, consistent with mild to moderate inflammation. Hundreds of VOCs were detected in exhalome. P-cymol increased by a factor-of-two 4 h after injection of TNF-α-600 compared to the control and TNF-α-200. We found that 1-butanol and 1-pentanol increased in both TNF-α groups after 20 h compared to the control. As breath analysis distinguishes between two doses of TNF-α and none, we conclude that it might help clinicians identify systemic inflammation.
Highlights
Inflammation is a complex biological response to infectious and non-infectious stimuli [1].Detection is difficult, because symptoms are non-specific and highly variable
TNF-α is an especially important cytokine in sepsis and other inflammatory conditions and of TNF-α provokes specific changes in the exhalome of rats that might be diagnostic for sepsis and promotes changings in various metabolic pathways
Our experimental model of systemic inflammation was based on previous work by Tracey et al [14]
Summary
Inflammation is a complex biological response to infectious and non-infectious stimuli [1]. Exhaled gases are potential diagnostic tools for lung cancer [5,6,7], allows detecting gastric cancer, differentiating stages of precancerous gastric lesions [10], and helps chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [8], and hemorrhagic shock [9]. The authors chromatography/mass spectrometry (SPME-GC/MS) and concluded that IMS might be a useful distinguished treatment and control animals using IMS and solid phase microextraction-gas point-of-care tool for detection of inflammation [12]. Changes in exhaled volatile organic compounds chromatography/mass spectrometry (SPME-GC/MS) and concluded that IMS might be a useful (VOCs) have been used to detect polymicrobial sepsis and inflammation in rats [13]. TNF-α is an especially important cytokine in sepsis and other inflammatory conditions and of TNF-α provokes specific changes in the exhalome of rats that might be diagnostic for sepsis and promotes changings in various metabolic pathways. Of TNF-α provokes specific changes in the exhalome of rats that might be diagnostic for sepsis and inflammation
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