Exhalation of volatile organic compounds during hemorrhagic shock and reperfusion in rats: an exploratory trial

Abstract

Ischemia and reperfusion alter metabolism. Multi-capillary column ion-mobility spectrometry (MCC-IMS) can identify volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled gas. We therefore used MCC-IMS to evaluate exhaled gas in a rat model of hemorrhagic shock with reperfusion. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 10 in control group, n = 15 in intervention group) were anaesthetized and ventilated via tracheostomy for 14 h or until death. Hemorrhagic shock was maintained for 90 min by removing blood from the femoral artery to a target of MAP 35 ± 5 mmHg, and then retransfusing the blood over 60 min in 15 rats; 10 control rats were evaluated without shock and reperfusion. Exhaled gas was analyzed with MCC-IMS, VOCs were identified using the BS-MCC/IMS analytes database (Version 1209). VOC intensities were analyzed at the end of shock, end of reperfusion, and after 9 h. All normotensive animals survived the observation period, whereas mean survival time was 11.2 h in shock and reperfusion animals. 16 VOCs differed significantly for at least one of the three analysis periods. Peak intensities of butanone, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, nonanal, and an unknown compound were higher in shocked than normotensive rats, and another unknown compound increased over the time. 1-butanol increased only during reperfusion. Acetone, butanal, 1.2-butandiol, isoprene, 3-methylbutanal, 3-pentanone, 2-propanol, and two unknown compounds were lower and decreased during shock and reperfusion. 1-pentanol and 1-propanol were significant greater in the hypotensive animals during shock, were comparable during reperfusion, and then decreased after resuscitation. VOCs differ during hemorrhagic shock, reperfusion, and after reperfusion. MCC-IMS of exhaled breath deserves additional study as a non-invasive approach for monitoring changes in metabolism during ischemia and reperfusion.