Abstract
Fluids at pressures and temperatures higher then the environment pressures and temperatures may perform technical work at the costs of their internal energy. Experience shows that not all available internal energy of fluids may be consumed for performing technical work but only part of it. The industrial revolution initiated with the invention of the steam machine started also the discussion on how much of the internal fluid energy may be transferred under given circumstances in technical work. The result of this discussion is well presented in the references and text books Baer (1996), Elsner (1974), Gouy (1889), Rant (1956 − 1964), Reynolds and Perkins (1977), Stephan and Mayinger (1998) and Zwicker (1976). We will shortly demonstrate the main ideas on a single-phase multi-component open system in which the spatial intermixing at any time is assumed to be perfect.
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