Abstract
Obesity-induced inflammatory changes in white adipose tissue (WAT), which caused dysregulated expression of inflammation-related adipokines involving tumor necrosis factor-α and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, contribute to the development of insulin resistance. Moreover, current literature reports state that WAT generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the enhanced production of ROS in obese WAT has been closely associated with the dysregulated expression of adipokines in WAT. Therefore, the reduction in excess WAT and oxidative stress that results from obesity is thought to be one of the important strategies in preventing and improving lifestyle-related diseases. Exercise training (TR) not only brings about a decrease in WAT mass but also attenuates obesity-induced dysregulated expression of the adipokines in WAT. Furthermore, some reports indicate that TR affects the generation of oxidative stress in WAT. This review outlines the impact of TR on the expression of inflammation-related adipokines and oxidative stress in WAT.
Highlights
In recent years, obesity due to hypertrophy of adipocytes caused by a lack of physical exercise and high-calorie diets has greatly increased in the world and has become a serious social problem [1]
While white adipose tissue (WAT) was previously thought to be merely a matter of energy storage, recent examination at the molecular level has shown that adipocyte secretes various biologically active substances collectively known as “adipokines” (Figure 1) and that dysregulation of the expression of adipokines due to obesity is closely associated with the development of insulin resistance, which is a clinical condition of type 2 diabetes [7,8,9]
IL6 may be involved in the cause of insulin resistance since its blood concentration is high in obese individuals and in type 2 diabetic patients, and expression of the IL-6 gene is increased in the subcutaneous WAT of individuals with insulin resistance [75,76,77]
Summary
Obesity due to hypertrophy of adipocytes caused by a lack of physical exercise and high-calorie diets has greatly increased in the world and has become a serious social problem [1]. While white adipose tissue (WAT) was previously thought to be merely a matter of energy storage, recent examination at the molecular level has shown that adipocyte secretes various biologically active substances collectively known as “adipokines” (Figure 1) and that dysregulation of the expression of adipokines due to obesity is closely associated with the development of insulin resistance, which is a clinical condition of type 2 diabetes [7,8,9]. This review outlines the mechanisms for the dysregulated expression of adipokines due to increases in oxidative stress in WAT and reviews the effect of TR, which is a useful strategy for the prevention and improvement of obesity and type 2 diabetes
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