Exercise tests in the assessment of low back pain

Abstract

This chapter deals with the contemporary policy options in drug control and the issues surrounding drug-testing policies. Much of the controversy in drug control stems from the tactics adopted by law enforcement officials. The use of more unconventional enforcement techniques, such as needle exchange programs or the forfeiture of ill-gotten attorneys' fees, raises concerns for civil liberties and expanded police authority. The criminal profile is an effective technique in identifying drug traffickers. The use of this tactic resulted in many major seizures. The profiling procedure focuses on drug couriers in transit. The Sokolow decision enables agents to stop and question individuals who look or act like typical drug dealers. The reverse sting is another enforcement technique that has proved effective in identifying drug buyers (or users) rather than sellers. This technique requires the undercover officer to pose as a drug seller. The proper use of this technique requires the police to show a defendant's criminal intent and his or her predisposition to purchase the drugs. The practice of surveillance is common. Drug testing is not a new concern for drug control strategists, but the issue is far from being resolved. Most of the concern revolves around the questions of who should be tested, where, and under what sets of circumstances. The subject of drug testing leads to the discussion of the problem of drugs and sports. This issue deals with several aspects, including non-addictive and recreational drug use, and the use of drugs, such as steroids, which are designed to aid athletes in their particular sports.