Abstract
Exercise has beneficial effects on metabolism and health. Although the skeletal muscle has been a primary focus, exercise also mediates robust adaptations in white adipose tissue. To determine if exercise affects in vivo adipocyte formation, fifty-two, sixteen-week-old C57BL/6J mice were allowed access to unlocked running wheels [Exercise (EX) group; n = 13 males, n = 13 females] or to locked wheels [Sedentary (SED) group; n = 13 males, n = 13 females] for 4-weeks. In vivo adipocyte formation was assessed by the incorporation of deuterium (2H) into the DNA of newly formed adipocytes in the inguinal and gonadal adipose depots. A two-way ANOVA revealed that exercise significantly decreased new adipocyte formation in the adipose tissue of mice in the EX group relative to the SED group (activity effect; P = 0.02). This reduction was observed in male and female mice (activity effect; P = 0.03). Independent analysis of the depots showed a significant reduction in adipocyte formation in the inguinal (P = 0.05) but not in the gonadal (P = 0.18) of the EX group. We report for the first time that exercise significantly reduced in vivo adipocyte formation in the adipose tissue of EX mice using a physiologic metabolic 2H2O-labeling protocol.
Highlights
Exercise has favorable effects on metabolic health, including improvements in glucose homeostasis and cardiovascular outcomes
A seminal study reported that the transplantation of subcutaneous adipose tissue (AT) from exercise-trained mice to sedentary, insulin resistant mice resulted in improved glucose homeostasis in the recipient mice [3], demonstrating that exercise-induced changes in AT can have favorable effects on metabolism
We assessed in vivo adipogenesis using a metabolic labeling protocol [13] that incorporates deuterium (2H), administered as 2H2O, into the DNA of adipocytes in the white AT depots of mice that were sedentary (SED) or exercising via voluntary wheel running (EX) for 4-weeks. Using this practical 2H2O approach, we report for the first time that exercise significantly reduced new adipocyte formation in the AT of EX mice
Summary
Exercise has favorable effects on metabolic health, including improvements in glucose homeostasis and cardiovascular outcomes. Skeletal muscle has been the primary focus in exercise studies, as beneficial effects on insulin sensitivity and mitochondrial biogenesis are well-characterized [1, 2]. Exercise mediates robust adaptations in other tissues, including white adipose tissue (AT). A seminal study reported that the transplantation of subcutaneous AT from exercise-trained mice to sedentary, insulin resistant mice resulted in improved glucose homeostasis in the recipient mice [3], demonstrating that exercise-induced changes in AT can have favorable effects on metabolism. White AT is a dynamic organ that is characterized by changes in adipocyte volume, as well as continual adipocyte formation (i.e. hyperplasia; adipogenesis) and death, which all regulate AT mass. Studies in rodents [4] and humans [5, 6] have highlighted the significant link
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