Abstract
Skeletal muscle is a highly vascularized tissue that can secrete proteins called myokines. These muscle-secreted factors exert biological functions in muscle itself (autocrine effect) or on short- or long-distant organs (paracrine/endocrine effects) and control processes such as metabolism, angiogenesis, or inflammation. Widely differing diseases ranging from genetic myopathies to cancers are emerging as causing dysregulated secretion of myokines from skeletal muscles. Myokines are also involved in the control of muscle size and may be important to be restored to normal levels to alleviate muscle wasting in various conditions, such as cancer, untreated diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, aging, or heart failure. Interestingly, many myokines are induced by exercise (muscle-derived exerkines) and some even by specific types of physical activity, but more studies are needed on this issue. Most exercise-induced myokines travel throughout the body by means of extracellular vesicles. Restoring myokines by physical activity may be added to the list of mechanisms by which exercise exerts preventative or curative effects against a large number of diseases, including the deleterious muscle wasting they may cause. Extending our understanding about which myokines could be usefully restored in certain diseases might help in prescribing more tailored exercise or myokine-based drugs.
Highlights
Skeletal muscle is the largest tissue in the human body, accounting for about 30% of body mass in women and 40% in men
Skeletal muscle is very plastic because it can be enlarged with adaptation to specific exercise and/or high-protein content diet or reduced in catabolic conditions like fasting, cancer, untreated diabetes, heart failure, AIDS, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), or aging (Piccirillo et al, 2014; Furrer and Handschin, 2018)
Lecker et al (2004) found a subset of genes that were differentially expressed in muscles undergoing wasting in unrelated conditions in rodent models and named them “atrogenes.” Among them, FIGURE 1 | Exercise-sensitive myokines with a preference for aerobic or anaerobic exercise are altered in different muscle wasting disorders. (A) Muscle adaptation to anaerobic and aerobic exercise is grossly depicted
Summary
Skeletal muscle is the largest tissue in the human body, accounting for about 30% of body mass in women and 40% in men. Skeletal muscle is very plastic because it can be enlarged with adaptation to specific exercise and/or high-protein content diet or reduced in catabolic conditions like fasting, cancer, untreated diabetes, heart failure, AIDS, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), or aging (Piccirillo et al, 2014; Furrer and Handschin, 2018).
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