Abstract
Physical activity has been found to aid the maintenance of health in the elderly. Exercise-induced skeletal muscle contractions lead to the production and secretion of many small proteins and proteoglycan peptides called myokines. Thus, studies on myokines are necessary for ensuring the maintenance of skeletal muscle health in the elderly. This review summarizes 13 myokines regulated by physical activity that are affected by aging and aims to understand their potential roles in metabolic diseases. We categorized myokines into two groups based on regulation by aerobic and anaerobic exercise. With aging, the secretion of apelin, β-aminoisobutyric acid (BAIBA), bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP-7), decorin, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), interleukin-15 (IL-15), irisin, stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1), sestrin, secreted protein acidic rich in cysteine (SPARC), and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) decreased, while that of IL-6 and myostatin increased. Aerobic exercise upregulates apelin, BAIBA, IL-15, IL-6, irisin, SDF-1, sestrin, SPARC, and VEGF-A expression, while anaerobic exercise upregulates BMP-7, decorin, IGF-1, IL-15, IL-6, irisin, and VEGF-A expression. Myostatin is downregulated by both aerobic and anaerobic exercise. This review provides a rationale for developing exercise programs or interventions that maintain a balance between aerobic and anaerobic exercise in the elderly.
Highlights
Owing to the improvements in healthcare and nutrition, life expectancy is increasing rapidly across the globe
Various myokines secreted by skeletal muscles during aerobic and anaerobic exercises have been studied in connection with various human diseases using state-of-the-art techniques, including total RNA sequencing [26,27,28]
Myokine expression in the vastus lateralis was examined in 11 obese nondiabetic males after cycling and running for 8 weeks; in contrast to what is known for the other known myokines, this study reported a significant increase in the expression and secretion of apelin
Summary
Owing to the improvements in healthcare and nutrition, life expectancy is increasing rapidly across the globe. In humans, the IL-6 turnover in the femoral arteries and veins has been demonstrated to be very sensitive to muscle exercise [21] These results suggest that skeletal muscle contraction is associated with IL-6 secretion. Various myokines secreted by skeletal muscles during aerobic and anaerobic exercises have been studied in connection with various human diseases using state-of-the-art techniques, including total RNA sequencing [26,27,28]. The detailed mechanisms are not clear, both skeletal muscle contraction and mass maintenance appear to be actively involved in maintaining health and preventing disease development in the elderly, considering the rapid deterioration of muscle physiology with aging. We have reviewed 13 myokines whose secretion is influenced by aging but controlled by physical activity We categorized these myokines into two groups, one regulated by aerobic exercise and the other by anaerobic exercise.
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