Abstract
It can be assumed that changes in the gut microbiota play a crucial role in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). It is generally accepted that regular physical activity is beneficial for the prevention and therapy of T2DM. Therefore, this review analyzes the effects of exercise training on the gut microbiota composition and the intestinal barrier function in T2DM. The current literature shows that regular exercise can influence the gut microbiota composition and the intestinal barrier function with ameliorative effects on T2DM. In particular, increases in the number of short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria and improvements in the gut barrier integrity with reduced endotoxemia seem to be key points for positive interactions between gut health and T2DM, resulting in improvements in low-grade systemic inflammation status and glycemic control. However, not all aspects are known in detail and further studies are needed to further examine the efficacy of different training programs, the role of myokines, SCFA-producing bacteria, and SCFAs in the relevant metabolic pathways. As microbial signatures differ in individuals who respond differently to exercise training programs, one scientific focus could be the development of computer-based methods for the personalized analysis of the gut microbiota in the context of a microbiota/microbiome-based training program.
Highlights
Liu et al [33] transplanted the microbiota of two responders and two non-responders from the aforementioned experiment in antibiotic-treated mice to study the potential link between differently compounded microbial gut colonies based on exercise training and changes in glycemic control/insulin sensitivity
The subsequent administration of G protein-coupled receptor 43 (GPR43) inhibitors reversed the remission effect of sodium acetate. These results confirmed that exercise and the short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-mediated improvement of skeletal muscle insulin sulin resistance (IR) was dependent on the interaction between SCFAs and GPR43, as already mentioned before
The study results indicate that regular exercise can modulate the gut microbiota composition and intestinal barrier function, resulting in possible reductions in low-grade systemic inflammation and increases in insulin sensitivity/glycemic control (Figure 2)
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. For example, that exercise training can improve inflammation status, insulin sensitivity, and blood glucose control in T2DM patients [2,3,4]. A balanced gut microbiota exerts a wide range of functions that positively affect the regulation of the intestinal mucosal. Nutrients 2022, 14, 813 exerts a wide range of functions that positively affect the regulation of the intestinal mucosal barrier, the immune system through protection against pathogens, energy harvest, barrier, the immune system through protection against pathogens, energy harvest, the the fermentation of indigestible carbohydrates, or vitamin synthesis [12]. Exercise training is considand the intestinal barrier function in T2DM. Exercise training is considered to ered to be a microbiota/microbiome-based therapeutic approach in T2DM management.
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