Abstract
This review is aimed at summarizing the new findings about the multiple benefits of exercise on cardiovascular disease (CVD). We pay attention to the prevalence and risk factors of CVD and mechanisms and recommendations of physical activity. Physical activity can improve insulin sensitivity, alleviate plasma dyslipidemia, normalize elevated blood pressure, decrease blood viscosity, promote endothelial nitric oxide production, and improve leptin sensitivity to protect the heart and vessels. Besides, the protective role of exercise on the body involves not only animal models in the laboratory but also clinical studies which is demonstrated by WHO recommendations. The general exercise intensity for humans recommended by the American Heart Association to prevent CVD is moderate exercise of 30 minutes, 5 times a week. However, even the easiest activity is better than nothing. What is more, owing to the different physical fitness of individuals, a standard exercise training cannot provide the exact treatment for everyone. So personalization of exercise will be an irresistible trend and bring more beneficial effects with less inefficient physical activities. This paper reviews the benefits of exercise contributing to the body especially in CVD through the recent mechanism studies.
Highlights
This review is aimed at summarizing the new findings about the multiple benefits of exercise on cardiovascular disease (CVD)
CVD is a class of diseases which are related to the heart or blood vessels including stroke, heart failure, hypertension, coronary artery diseases, heart arrhythmia, peripheral artery disease, and atherosclerosis [1]
Determined by body mass index (BMI), obesity refers to the condition of those who have over 30 BMI and overweight includes persons with BMI more than 25
Summary
CVD is a class of diseases which are related to the heart or blood vessels including stroke, heart failure, hypertension, coronary artery diseases, heart arrhythmia, peripheral artery disease, and atherosclerosis [1]. Individuals with CVD are found to have the accompanying raised blood pressure, elevated glucose, smoking, obesity, lack of exercise, excessive alcohol consumption, and dyslipidemia. Multiple risk factors contributing to CVD include obesity, high blood pressure, diabetes, aging, male sex, metabolic syndrome, and physical inactivity. Aging is relevant to the progressive damage in various physiological processes and increases incidence of atherosclerosis, hypertension, and stroke [13], inducing an elevating risk of cardiac and arterial systematic disorders. Metabolic syndrome is a condition characterized by low high-density lipoprotein (HDL), high triglycerides (TG), high blood pressure, high blood glucose, and central obesity, associating with the risks of developing to CVD and type 2 diabetes. Various studies show an obvious dose-response relationship between increased physical activity and decreased occurrence rate of CVD including reduced blood pressure, body weight, ox-LDL, and elevated glucose tolerance. Having a healthy diet, avoiding smoking, and keeping regular physical activity are the three pieces of advice the WHO recommend to avoid CVD
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