Abstract
Aging is characterized by several progressive physiological changes, including changes in the circadian rhythm. Circadian rhythms influence behavior, physiology, and metabolic processes in order to maintain homeostasis; they also influence the function of endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and immune cells in the vessel wall. A clock misalignment could favor vascular damage and indirectly also affect skeletal muscle function. In this review, we focus on the dysregulation of circadian rhythm due to aging and its relationship with skeletal muscle changes and vascular health as possible risk factors for the development of sarcopenia, as well as the role of physical exercise as a potential modulator of these processes.
Highlights
Published: 8 December 2021Aging is characterized by several progressive physiological alterations, such as hormonal imbalance, impaired proteostasis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cellular senescence, which lead to functionality loss and increased risk of death [1]
Clock gene misalignment alters muscle composition and function, which has a strong association with health status, with low strength and muscle mass being independent factors for the development of sarcopenia, which is strongly associated with breaking the circadian rhythm regardless of age; in the elderly, this factor is enhanced, which leads to functional incapacities, falls, osteoporosis, dyslipidemia, increased cardiovascular risk, metabolic syndrome, immunosuppression, and increased risk of mortality [13]
We focus on the dysregulation of circadian rhythm due to aging and its relationship with skeletal muscle changes and vascular health as possible risk factors for the development of sarcopenia (Figure 1), as well as the role of physical exercise as a potential modulator of these processes (Figure 2)
Summary
Aging is characterized by several progressive physiological alterations, such as hormonal imbalance, impaired proteostasis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cellular senescence, which lead to functionality loss and increased risk of death [1]. Clock gene misalignment alters muscle composition and function, which has a strong association with health status, with low strength and muscle mass being independent factors for the development of sarcopenia, which is strongly associated with breaking the circadian rhythm regardless of age; in the elderly, this factor is enhanced, which leads to functional incapacities, falls, osteoporosis, dyslipidemia, increased cardiovascular risk, metabolic syndrome, immunosuppression, and increased risk of mortality [13]. In this sense, several studies attempt to elucidate the role of circadian rhythm in the inflammatory process (and vice versa) related to aging. We focus on the dysregulation of circadian rhythm due to aging (mainly from an inflammatory perspective) and its relationship with skeletal muscle changes and vascular health as possible risk factors for the development of sarcopenia (Figure 1), as well as the role of physical exercise as a potential modulator of these processes (Figure 2). Sarcopenia: The reduction in muscle strength and mass are important morphological changes that The reduction in muscle strength and mass are important morphological changes
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