Abstract
Osteoporosis is known as the “silent disease” because there are no outward signs or symptoms until a fracture occurs. Low bone mineral density (BMD) is the leading cause of fracture among older adults and increases mortality and morbidity rates. Exercise interventions reduce fracture-risk; however, different types of exercises produce different results. Based on findings, daily physical activity, walking, running, resistance, and power training all promote BMD development. Yet, resistance training may be most effective of exercise interventions. More specifically, high-velocity resistance training leads to greater increases in BMD than traditional resistance training and results in fewer injuries than power training.
Highlights
Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by dysregulation of bone formation and breakdown leading to more porous bone and greater risk of fracture
Not bone quantity is the greatest predictor of osteoporosis-related fracture and is defined as bone mineral density (BMD), the diagnostic measure of bone quality
80% of bone is trabecular, located in the long bones near the epiphyseal plates as well as the interior of the flat and cuboid bones. It was noted in 1892 [27] that the striations in the trabecular bone matched that of the direction of the strain
Summary
Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by dysregulation of bone formation and breakdown leading to more porous bone and greater risk of fracture. BMD accounts for 50-80% of the breaking strength of bones [1,2,3,4] and remains the best predictor of fracture risk [5,6,7,8,9,10,11]. A reduction of one standard deviation of BMD results in a 1.5-fold increase in relative risk of fracture at most sites and reaches nearly 3-fold in the femoral neck [13,14,15,16].
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