Abstract
Illegal use of salbutamol (SAL), a β-adrenergic leanness-enhancing agent, has posed potential threat to human health in China. The excretion and depletion of SAL in pigs and goats were investigated, and the concentration correlations between edible tissues and living samples were analyzed to find out a suitable living sample for pre-slaughter monitoring of SAL in pigs and goats. After a single oral dosage of 1.2 mg/kg SAL, approximately 70% of the dose was excreted by pigs and goats from their excreta. When pigs and goats were supplied feed containing SAL (20 mg/kg) for 14 consecutive days, high concentrations of SAL were observed in the liver and kidneys, and the longest persistence was observed in hair. Unlike pigs, SAL was presented primarily as conjugated SAL in goats. Excellent concentration correlations of SAL were observed between urine and edible tissues both in pigs and goats, and in addition, good correlations also were found between hair and edible tissues in pigs and between feces and edible tissues in goats. Hence, urine and hair could accurately predict SAL concentrations in edible tissues of pigs, whereas feces and urine were satisfactory for predicting SAL concentrations in edible tissues of goats. These data make it possible for pre-slaughter monitoring of SAL residues in the edible tissues of pigs and goats.
Highlights
Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/ MS) has become the mainstream method for monitoring SAL residues because of its high sensitivity and selectivity compared with biological methods, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (Li et al, 2015; Xiong et al, 2015; Montes Nino et al, 2017)
Blank samples of pigs and goats were used as matrices for calibration curve study and the matrix-matched calibration curves were assessed at seven levels as follows: 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0, 16, and 32 μg/kg (n 3)
CCα values were defined as three times the signal−noise ratio (S/N) and established by the following steps: 20 blank samples of pigs and goats were analyzed, and the S/N was calculated at the time window in which the analyte was expected
Summary
Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/ MS) has become the mainstream method for monitoring SAL residues because of its high sensitivity and selectivity compared with biological methods, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (Li et al, 2015; Xiong et al, 2015; Montes Nino et al, 2017). Some reports had demonstrated that the concentration of ractopamine, a representative of β-adrenoceptor agonist, in urine, plasma, and hair was significantly correlated with the concentrations in the edible tissues of pigs and goats (Huang et al, 2016; Aroeira et al, 2019) These studies confirmed that living samples would be an efficient and economic strategy to monitor the illegal use of SAL as feed additive in livestock. The present study investigated the depletion and excretion of SAL in pigs and goats using ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method and established the concentration correlations of SAL between edible tissues and living samples (plasma/urine/hair/feces). Based on these correlations, the optimal living sample was identified as a representative matrix for monitoring the illegal use of SAL in food animals. These results may provide a feasible pre-slaughter living monitoring method to estimate the concentration of SAL in the edible tissues of pigs and goats before the animal products are exposed to consumers
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