Abstract
Abstract The electromagnetic fields excited in the Earth-ionosphere waveguide by arbitrarily oriented VLF transmitters (electric and magnetic dipoles) located in the ionosphere are treated. The formulation allows for a spherical radially and longitudinally irregular waveguide as well as for an anisotropic ionosphere. The generalized reciprocity theorem is used for the solution of the problem. Numerical techniques have been developed. To illustrate the field features conditioned by the longitudinal irregularities, the diurnal variations of the field components excited at the Earth's surface by the sources located in the low ionosphere and at satellite altitudes have been calculated for some propagation paths.
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