Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most commonly diagnosed neurodevelopmental disorder in childhood. It is a heterogeneous disorder in terms of clinical presentation that is probably due to the frequent occurrence of comorbidity. Children with ADHD more frequently report sleep disorders (notably delayed sleep phase syndrome) and excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) than typically developing children. The aim of this article is to propose a narrative review of the assessment of EDS in the context of ADHD with first a summary of the subjective and objective tools used to measure it. Secondly, perspectives in terms of electroencephalogram (EEG) markers and neurofeedback are proposed. Then, possibilities for new kinds of evaluation are discussed (virtual reality, ecological momentary assessment, etc.). Lastly, we discuss specific clinical situations with EDS in the context of ADHD as links with narcolepsy, the comorbidity with other psychiatric disorders, and the context of sluggish cognitive tempo.
Highlights
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most commonly diagnosed neurodevelopmental disorder in childhood with a worldwide estimated prevalence of about 5% [1]
Sleep disorders have been extensively investigated in patients with ADHD, and their prevalence is reported to be in the range of 25–55% [4,5,6]
Concerning the chronological order of occurrence, he posits that psychiatric conditions may be present before the appearance of first definite ADHD symptoms (“pre-comorbidity,” such as temperament factors, sleep disturbance, autism spectrum disorders, and atopic eczema)
Summary
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most commonly diagnosed neurodevelopmental disorder in childhood with a worldwide estimated prevalence of about 5% [1]. Both metaanalyses of Cortese in 2006 and 2009 [9, 19] demonstrated that children with ADHD showed a tendency to be sleepier than controls during the daytime but without reaching pathological levels. While all these data point to the existence of objective EDS, the nature of this EDS remains to be determined. We discuss specific clinical situations with EDS in the context of ADHD as links with narcolepsy, the comorbidity with other psychiatric disorders, and the context of sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT)
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