Abstract
In conditionally automated driving, drivers have difficulty in takeover transitions as they become increasingly decoupled from the operational level of driving. Factors influencing takeover performance, such as takeover lead time and the engagement of non-driving-related tasks, have been studied in the past. However, despite the important role emotions play in human-machine interaction and in manual driving, little is known about how emotions influence drivers’ takeover performance. This study, therefore, examined the effects of emotional valence and arousal on drivers’ takeover timeliness and quality in conditionally automated driving. We conducted a driving simulation experiment with 32 participants. Movie clips were played for emotion induction. Participants with different levels of emotional valence and arousal were required to take over control from automated driving, and their takeover time and quality were analyzed. Results indicate that positive valence led to better takeover quality in the form of a smaller maximum resulting acceleration and a smaller maximum resulting jerk. However, high arousal did not yield an advantage in takeover time. This study contributes to the literature by demonstrating how emotional valence and arousal affect takeover performance. The benefits of positive emotions carry over from manual driving to conditionally automated driving while the benefits of arousal do not.
Highlights
According to the SAE standard (Society of Automotive Engineers, 2018), vehicles of Level 3 conditional automation and above are equipped with automated driving features
Research indicates that drivers have difficulty in takeover transitions as they become increasingly decoupled from the operational level of driving
Drivers have difficulty in takeover transitions as they become increasingly decoupled from the operational level of driving
Summary
According to the SAE standard (Society of Automotive Engineers, 2018), vehicles of Level 3 conditional automation and above are equipped with automated driving features. With SAE Level 3 automation, drivers will no longer be required to actively monitor the driving environment and can engage in non-driving-related tasks (NDRTs). When the automated vehicle (AV) reaches its operational limits, drivers will have to take over control of the vehicle at a moment’s notice. This transition of control represents the transfer of the longitudinal and lateral control responsibilities from the automated vehicle to the human driver, and usually involves the driver terminating. Research indicates that drivers have difficulty in takeover transitions as they become increasingly decoupled from the operational level of driving
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More From: Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies
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