Examining molluscs as bioindicators of shrimp aquaculture effluent contamination in a southeast Asian mangrove

Abstract

This study evaluates the presence of metal(loid) contamination from shrimp aquaculture effluent in a nearby mangrove ecosystem in Khung Krabaen Bay (KKB), Thailand. Our objectives were to: 1) examine how sediment metal(loid) concentrations change spatially in KKB relative to the aquaculture ponds; (2) compare mollusc trophic dynamics of elements associated with shrimp aquaculture; and (3) determine if certain mangrove mollusc species present better ecological indicators of aquaculture elemental contamination. We analyzed targeted elemental concentrations (As, Mn, Cu, Zn, Cr, Pb) in sediments sampled at increasing distance from intensive shrimp aquaculture and within the tissues of five species of molluscs. Differences in mollusc diet were studied using carbon (ẟ13C) and nitrogen (ẟ15N) stable isotopes, and biomagnification and biodilution of metal(loid)s were examined using ẟ15N values to infer trophic position. Elemental concentrations were low in farmed shrimp and pellet food relative to mangrove molluscs, but high in the sediments of drainage ponds filtering pond effluent. Declining elemental concentrations from the aquaculture drainage ponds to the mangrove sediments closest to shrimp farms suggested that the management settling ponds are effective at attenuating metal(loid) contamination. Large differences in mollusc mean ẟ13C (–25.8 to –20.1‰) and ẟ15N (1.9 to 8.3‰) values indicate variable diets across species, and trophically-elevated molluscs had greater marine-based diets resulting in a significant, positive correlation between mollusc ẟ13C and ẟ15N values. KKB molluscs biomagnify As, Zn, and Se, whereas declines in Mn and Cu with increasing trophic position indicate biodilution. The metals Pb, Fe, Al, Cr were elevated in the shrimp drainage pond sediments and in the tissues of the gastropods Ellobium aurisjudae, Cerithidea obtusa (both mud grazing), and Nerita lineata (algal grazing at low tide), identifying these gastropod species as probable bioindicators of aquaculture contamination in southeast Asian mangroves. Although we find biomagnification of some elements, mangrove mollusc metal(loid) concentrations are not likely to be of toxicological concern, and in fact, were lower than many mangroves elsewhere impacted by industrial and sewage contamination.