Examining food insecurity and areas with unmet food needs during COVID-19: A geospatial, community-specific approach.

Marianna Espinoza,Samantha Night,Alexandra van den Berg,Amy Price,Raven Hood,William Marty,Amanda Rohlich,Kacey Hanson,Kathryn Janda

doi:10.5304/jafscd.2021.103.017

Abstract

Food insecurity is a public health issue that has increased in the U.S. since the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic. Understanding how this increase occurs locally is crucial in informing appropriate food insecurity-related responses. Analyzing 2-1-1 call data is one way to examine food insecurity-related needs at a zip code level. The purpose of this work was to: (1) examine overall call trend data to 2-1-1 from March through July 2019 and March through July 2020, (2) examine changes in food need call volume to 2-1-1 during COVID-19 by zip code, and (3) identify areas with unmet food needs during COVID-19 in central Texas. Data for 2-1-1 calls from Travis County zip codes for March through July 2020 were compared to calls for March through July 2019 and categorized by reason for calling. Descriptive statistics and paired t-tests were used to analyze food need calls by zip code and mapped using ArcGIS. Communities with high food call volume and no emergency food assets located within the zip code were categorized as areas with unmet food needs. Results indicated there were more overall calls to 2-1-1 in 2020 (N=37,572) than in 2019 (N=28,623), and significantly more food need calls in 2020 than in 2019 (p<0.01). Eastern Travis County, a racially and ethnically diverse and lower-income area, had the largest increase in food need calls. Two zip codes were identified as having unmet food needs, which informed the strategic placement of emergency food assets. This study illustrates how 2-1-1 data can result in rapid translation of research to policy and program implementation.

Highlights

Introduction and Literature ReviewFood insecurity is defined as the inconsistent access to a sufficient amount of food to live an active and healthy life (Pinstrup-Andersen, 2009)
While considered a wealthy nation, the United States had high rates of household food insecurity prior to the outbreak of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19), with 11.1% of households identifying as food insecure in 2018
State-level analyses using Census Pulse Survey data found that Black (35.2%) and Hispanic (33.2%) Texans have a higher prevalence of food insecurity than White Texans (21.6%) (Schanzenbach & Tomeh, 2020). These findings demonstrate that pre-existing food insecurity disparities could be widening during the pandemic; there is limited data about food insecurity rates at a local or zip code level

Summary

Introduction

Introduction and Literature ReviewFood insecurity is defined as the inconsistent access to a sufficient amount of food to live an active and healthy life (Pinstrup-Andersen, 2009). The purpose of this paper is to describe how a novel data collection method can be used to rapidly identify areas experiencing unmet food needs and inform programming and policies during the pandemic

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Discussion

Conclusion