Examination of toxic element levels in seafood from aquaculture and associated risks for European consumers

Abstract

Consumption of fish and shellfish exposed to high levels of pollutants from environmental sources and anthropogenic activities can lead to the accumulation of toxic elements in humans. Mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and arsenic (As) can cause serious health problems in consumers of all ages. This study examined toxic element levels and associated health risks in gilthead seabream, European seabass, and Mediterranean mussels from aquaculture farms which represent commercially important species exported from Türkiye. Fifty-one samples were analysed for Hg, Cd, Pb, and As. In general, the annual average concentrations of toxic elements in seabream, seabass, and mussel samples were generally below the established limits. On a seasonal basis, it was determined that the limit value for Cd recommended by the EU (0.05 mg/kg) was exceeded for sea bream and sea bass species of only one farm, with values of 0.080–0.088 mg/kg, respectively, in the summer season. The Total Target Hazard Quotients (TTHQ) and Target cancer Risk (TR) indexes were calculated for the European Union (EU) and Turkish populations to assess consumer health and safety. Consequently, fish and mussel samples obtained from aquaculture farms were highly reliable and found to be safe for consumption. The exceeding of Cd levels in fish beyond the established limit in a single season on one farm demonstrates the necessity for regular monitoring of parameters.