Examination of the immunosuppressive effect of Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol in streptozotocin-induced autoimmune diabetes

Abstract

Δ 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ 9-THC) is capable of modulating a variety of immune responses, but has not been evaluated in models of immune-based diabetes. The objectives of the present study were: (a) to investigate the effect of Δ 9-THC in an established model of multiple low dose streptozotocin (MLDSTZ)-induced autoimmune diabetes; and (b) to determine the contribution of the immune response in the MLDSTZ model. CD-1 mice were treated with 40 mg/kg STZ for 5 days in the presence or absence of Δ 9-THC treatment. Δ 9-THC administered orally in corn oil at 150 mg/kg for 11 days attenuated, in a transient manner, the MLDSTZ-induced elevation in serum glucose and loss of pancreatic insulin. MLDSTZ-induced insulitis and increases in IFN-γ, TNFα and IL-12 mRNA expression were all reduced on Day 11 by co-administration of Δ 9-THC. In separate studies, six doses of Δ 9-THC, given after completion of STZ treatment, was found equally effective in attenuating mice from MLDSTZ-induced diabetes. Studies performed using B6C3F1 mice showed moderate hyperglycemia and a significant reduction in pancreatic insulin by MLDSTZ in the absence of insulitis. In addition, MLDSTZ produced a less pronounced hyperglycemia compared to CD-1 mice that was not attenuated by Δ 9-THC. These results suggest that MLDSTZ can initiate direct β-cell damage, thereby augmenting the destruction of β-cells by the immune system. Moreover, these results indicate that Δ 9-THC is capable of attenuating the severity of the autoimmune response in this experimental model of autoimmune diabetes.