Exact two-component relativistic theory for NMR parameters: General formulation and pilot application

Abstract

The previously proposed exact two-component (X2C) relativistic theory of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) parameters [Q. Sun, W. Liu, Y. Xiao, and L. Cheng, J. Chem. Phys. 131, 081101 (2009)] is reformulated to accommodate two schemes for kinetic balance, five schemes for magnetic balance, and three schemes for decoupling in a unified manner, at both matrix and operator levels. In addition, three definitions of spin magnetization are considered in the coupled-perturbed Kohn-Sham equation. Apart from its simplicity, the most salient feature of X2C-NMR lies in that its diamagnetic and paramagnetic terms agree individually with the corresponding four-component counterparts for any finite basis. For practical applications, five approximate schemes for the first order coupling matrix X(10) and four approximate schemes for the treatment of two-electron integrals are introduced, which render the computations of X2C-NMR very much the same as those of approximate two-component approaches.