Abstract
A diode-pumped, air-cooled, all-fiber, quasi-continuous-wave thulium laser at an operating wavelength of 1.94μm has been designed to study the performance of the laser parameter on the rate of fragmentation and its dependence on stone composition, fragmented particle size, as well as the retropulsion effect. The optimized laser cavity with an active fiber core/cladding diameter of 10/130μm under a counter-propagating pump provides a stable laser power of 30W at a slope efficiency of 50% and wall plug efficiency of 17%. The rate of fragmentation along with the retropulsion effect has been studied with human calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) urinary stones (N=36) of different composition by using the designed laser and 200-μm-core low OH silica delivery fiber. The thulium fiber laser setting of 2.7J pulse energy at the pulse rate of 10Hz, pulse width of 90ms, and peak power of 30W is successful in breaking human COM stones in a controlled manner at a fragmentation rate of 0.8±0.4 mg/s, with almost uniform fragments of particle size less than 1.6mm. During the stone fragmentation, the stone displacement (retropulsion effect) is less than 15mm, even for the fragmented stone mass of 15±5 mg.
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