Abstract
(1) Background: Carprofen (CP), 2-(6-chlorocarbazole) propionic acid, is used as an anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anti-pyretic agent and it belongs to the family of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). CP has some adverse reactions in systemic administration; for this reason, topical administration with CP nanoparticles (CP-NPs) can be an optimal alternative. The main objective of this work is the investigation of ex vivo permeation of CP through different types of porcine mucous membranes (buccal, sublingual and vaginal) and ophthalmic tissues (cornea, sclera and conjunctiva) to compare the influence of CP-NPs formulation over a CP solution (CP-Solution). (2) Methods: The ex vivo permeation profiles were evaluated using Franz diffusion cells. Furthermore, in vivo studies were performed to verify that the formulations did not affect the cell structure and to establish the amount retained (Qr) in the tissues. (3) Results: Permeation of CP-NPs is more effective in terms of drug retention in almost all tissues (with the exception of sclera and sublingual). In vivo studies show that neither of the two formulations affects tissue structure, so both formulations are safe. (4) Conclusions: It was concluded that CP-NPs may be a useful tool for the topical treatment of local inflammation in veterinary and human medicine.
Highlights
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are some of the most commonly used medications in human and veterinary medicine
Tl indicates the time required to reach a steady state, the results suggested that CP nanoparticles (CP-NPs) are absorbed very rapidly in this tissue and had a high diffusion [44]
The epithelial cells and the connective tissue beneath showed normal morphology and distribution in the histological mucosal samples analyzed. These results strongly suggest that CP-Solution and CP-NPs do not affect the cellular and tissular morphology and organization in locally in vivo treatment
Summary
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are some of the most commonly used medications in human and veterinary medicine. CP was licensed for systemic human use in several countries in the 1980s and for veterinary use in the 1990s. It was withdrawn for human use in the early 1990s for commercial reasons [3,4]. In veterinary medicine, it is still a reference anti-inflammatory and one of the most used in multiple species. The use of CP has been studied in numerous animal species (horse [5,6]; dog [7,8,9]; cat [10]; broiler chicken [11] and rat [12]) there are no studies in pigs
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Free) 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a call
