Abstract
Safety profiles of newly developed anti-cancer therapies is the main goal for efficient treatments to improve survival rates. Therefore, continuous efforts carried out to develop a therapeutic strategy with better outcomes. The concept of immune-oncology, which utilizes and enhances the capacity of human immune system was developed as an eventual opportunity to enhance remissions and limit the relaps of the disease. Later progression of cellular immunetherapies involve the introduction of genetically engineered T cells having chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) that embraced an antibody-derived antigen recognition domain connected to an internal T-cell signaling domain, so can recognize their targets with high degree of tumor selectivity. This approach showed vigorous antitumor outcomes and full recovery in end-stage patients suffering from liquid cancers as leukemia and lymphoma. However, still there is a challenge for bringing genetically modified T-cell immunotherapy to many patients with different tumor types including solid tumor. On other hand, studies indicated the potential to broaden T-cell–based therapies and foster for other possible applications beyond oncology as organ transplantation and autoimmunity. Therefore, this review aimed to illustrate the clinical applications, challenges, and approaches for more efficient clinical employment of CAR T cell therapies.
Highlights
Over the past decades, increased evidence howed that the use of traditional cytotoxic strategies in the management of neoplastic disease showed a marked drawback because of their low selectivity and development of drug-resistance cancer cells [1,2,3]
The principle of covey the immune response to combat tumor based on understanding the interplay between cancer and immune sysrem that often involve the following interactions; i) Initial recognition of “nonself ” antigens from invading pathogens or infected/malignant cells; ii) selective attacks and destroys of causative agents whith out affecting the normal host cells; and iii) establishing an immunological memory mediated by adaptive immune system to provide a protection against further attack of the host [8,9,10]
This sequence of organized step-wise events commonly named, through which the immune system acquired properties that induce an immune reaction called immunoediting, which provides a balance between immune surveillance and cancer progression [11, 12]
Summary
Over the past decades, increased evidence howed that the use of traditional cytotoxic strategies in the management of neoplastic disease showed a marked drawback because of their low selectivity and development of drug-resistance cancer cells [1,2,3]. The principle of covey the immune response to combat tumor based on understanding the interplay between cancer and immune sysrem that often involve the following interactions; i) Initial recognition of “nonself ” antigens from invading pathogens or infected/malignant cells; ii) selective attacks and destroys of causative agents whith out affecting the normal host cells; and iii) establishing an immunological memory mediated by adaptive immune system to provide a protection against further attack of the host [8,9,10]. Immunoedting comprised three primary phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape that often contribute to cancer elimination, dormancy, and progression, respectively [13, 14] This capacity of cancers to evade the immune response is recognized as one of the most characterstic cancer hallmarks, that provides the platform for treatments within the milieu of immunotherapies [15, 16]. This study concerned with later findings in cell immunotherapies that developed as a potential therapeutic intervention for cancer treatments
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