Abstract
Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) suffered the most from nutritional deficiencies (NDs). Although decades of efforts have reduced it, little is known about the changing trajectory of ND burden in LMICs. By extracting data of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2019, we calculated indicators of incidence and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) to measure the burden of NDs and its main subcategories in LMICs, including protein-energy malnutrition, iodine deficiency, vitamin A deficiency, dietary iron deficiency, and other nutritional deficiencies by sex, age and spatial patterns. In LMICs, ND incidence still increased in the age group 15+ born before 2005, especially in males. The effort of reducing the DALYs of NDs has generated a strong decline in per age group. In the main subcategories of NDs, protein-energy malnutrition incidence in males age 45+ born before 1970 still increased. Despite vitamin A deficiency incidence and dietary iron deficiency, DALYs strongly experienced decreases over three decades while still remaining at the heaviest level in 2019, especially in females and children under 5 years. The top largest tendency estimates occurred in Mali’ females and Bhutan’ males. Zimbabwe was the only country with increased DALYs rate tendency in both sexes.
Highlights
Despite progress in achieving the United Nations Decade of Action on Nutrition2016–2025 and the Sustainable Development Goal to “eliminate all forms of malnutrition”, nutritional deficiencies (NDs) remain widespread in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) [1]
More than 80% of global disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) cases caused by NDs occurred in LMICs, with the proportion of 85.5% females and 81.9% males in 2019, increased by 13.9% and
With the exception of protein-energy malnutrition, the other main subcategories of NDs in LMICs contributed over 80% incidence and DALYs cases to global burden across 30 years
Summary
2016–2025 and the Sustainable Development Goal to “eliminate all forms of malnutrition” , nutritional deficiencies (NDs) remain widespread in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) [1]. Vitamin A deficiencies and insufficient dietary zinc intake are common in. There are 13 countries where the prevalence of iodine deficiencies in preschool children is more than 50%, and the prevalence of anemia caused by iron deficiencies exceeds 40% in Africa [3]. NDs primarily hamper national growth and prevent economic stability in LMICs due to reduced productivity and cognition, increased susceptibility to infectious and chronic diseases, and elevated treatment costs [5]. In the context of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, protein, vitamin A, or zinc, etc., have been proved to possess associations with increased infection risks [6]
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