Abstract
As the focus and perspectives in manufacturing have developed over time, the changes have often been described as shifts in paradigms, “a set of beliefs that guides action”. These paradigms are not absolute in terms of complete frameworks for how to conduct business or organize manufacturing. What they represent are more coherent sets of principles and methods that inspire companies. Strategies will often have elements from different paradigms even if it is claimed they have adopted only one. Defining paradigms is not an exact science; rather, to a large extent it is a question of choosing a set of criteria supporting the purpose of categorization. Craft manufacturing, mass manufacturing, lean manufacturing, mass customization and personalization and sustainable manufacturing are paradigms that are frequently referred to in the literature.
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