Evolve II: A computer model of an evolving ecosystem

Abstract

The Evolve II program is a model of an ecosystem in which organisms are allowed to evolve. Organisms are subject to a changeable environment and competition from other organisms for a limited food supply. The gene structure may change through mutation. A feature of Evolve II is that the magnitude of phenotypic change resulting from mutation is itself a property of the gene. The system was studied under a number of environmental variation schemes. We report three significant findings. Two species (lineages with distinctly different survival strategies) evolved and coexisted in the same environmental conditions. Organisms developed a resistance to phenotypic change in response to mutation in slowly varying environments. However, traits which favor survival of the individual at the expense of reproduction could in some cases undergo phenotypic change in response to mutation despite the fact that this did not favor the survival of the offspring. This demonstrates that gene structures can evolve which are advantageous from the standpoint of the lineage, but not advantageous from the standpoint of individual offspring.