Abstract
This chapter considers the notion of evolutionary responses in mitigating the harmful effects of environmental change. It describes how the persistence of populations will depend of phenotypic responses that better suit individuals for new conditions as a result of rapid environmental global change. It discusses how these evolutionary responses occur through individual-level behavioural or plastic changes, or population-level evolutionary changes. It reviews studies that have documented adaptive phenotypic responses to environmental change, and highlights how these examples have not investigated their potential role in making the difference between population persistence and extirpation. It also highlights key issues about evolutionary rescue and the limitations of this process, and outlines pressing research questions and potential empirical approaches to their resolution.
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