Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) affect the heart and the vascular system with a high prevalence and place a huge burden on society as well as the healthcare system. These complex diseases are often the result of multiple genetic and environmental risk factors and pose a great challenge to understanding their etiology and consequences. With the advent of next generation sequencing, many non-coding RNA transcripts, especially long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), have been linked to the pathogenesis of CVD. Despite increasing evidence, the proper functional characterization of most of these molecules is still lacking. The exploration of conservation of sequences across related species has been used to functionally annotate protein coding genes. In contrast, the rapid evolutionary turnover and weak sequence conservation of lncRNAs make it difficult to characterize functional homologs for these sequences. Recent studies have tried to explore other dimensions of interspecies conservation to elucidate the functional role of these novel transcripts. In this review, we summarize various methodologies adopted to explore the evolutionary conservation of cardiovascular non-coding RNAs at sequence, secondary structure, syntenic, and expression level.
Highlights
Myocardial and vascular ailments are complex systemic diseases, successively leading to chronic cardiac complications
Several novel non-coding RNAs have been discovered with importance in cardiovascular biology. This has been accelerated by generation sequencing (NGS) methods which have been applied to cardiovascular genomics, transcriptomics, and epigenomics to explore the correlation between the genotype and complex cardiac phenotypes [5]
Downregulated in dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) Plays a critical role in maintaining a differentiated cardiac fate in mature cardiomyocytes in case of DCM and aortic stenosis (AOS) Defects in KCNQ1 leads to cardiac arrhythmias, predicts left ventricular dysfunction Downregulated in coronary artery disease (CAD) and myocardial infarction (MI)
Summary
Myocardial and vascular ailments are complex systemic diseases, successively leading to chronic cardiac complications. Several novel non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have been discovered with importance in cardiovascular biology This has been accelerated by generation sequencing (NGS) methods which have been applied to cardiovascular genomics, transcriptomics, and epigenomics to explore the correlation between the genotype and complex cardiac phenotypes [5]. Such leads enhance the understanding of disease pathogenesis, but they identify non-coding transcripts that can be quantitatively assessed as novel biomarkers [6].
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