Abstract
Human norovirus is regarded as the leading cause of epidemic acute gastroenteritis with GII.4 being the predominant genotype during the past decades. In the winter of 2014/2015, the GII.17 Kawasaki 2014 emerged as the predominant genotype, surpassing GII.4 in several East Asian countries. Hence, the influence of host immunity response on the continuous evolution of different GII.17 variants needs to be studied in depth. Here, we relate the inferences of evolutionary mechanisms of different GII.17 variants with the investigation of cross-reactivity and cross-protection of their respective antisera using the expression of norovirus P particles in Escherichia coli. The cross-reactivity assay showed that the antisera of previous strains (GII.17 A and GII.17 B) reacted with recent variants (GII.17 C and GII.17 D) at high OD values from 0.8 to 1.16, while recent variant antisera cross-reacting with previous strains were weak with OD values between 0.26 and 0.56. The cross-protection assay indicated that the antisera of previous strains had no inhibitory effect on recent variants. Finally, mutations at amino acids 353–363, 373–384, 394–404, and 444–454 had the greatest impact on cross-reactivity. These data indicate that the recent pandemic variants GII.17 C and GII.17 D avoided the herd immunity effect of previous GII.17 A and GII.17 B strains through antigenic variation.
Highlights
Norovirus (NoV) is one of the most leading causes of epidemic acute gastroenteritis (AGE) worldwide, affecting people of all ages and asymptomatic transmission is common (Quee et al, 2020)
Phylogenetic relationships of the GII.17 strains based on their capsid protein sequences have been analyzed by our previous studies (Xue et al, 2016b,c)
Multiple amino acid sequence alignments showed that a total of 87 differences were found in the capsid protein sequences of four clusters, of which 21 sites were specific to the newly emerged GII.17
Summary
Norovirus (NoV) is one of the most leading causes of epidemic acute gastroenteritis (AGE) worldwide, affecting people of all ages and asymptomatic transmission is common (Quee et al, 2020). It is estimated that there are approximately 699 million norovirus illnesses and 219,000 deaths each year, resulting in $4.2 billion in health system costs and $60.3 billion in societal costs (Bartsch et al, 2016). The NoV infection rate of sporadic diarrhea in China has ranged from 8.2 to 28.57% (Xue et al, 2019). The main routes of NoV transmission are foodborne, waterborne, airborne, and contaminated surfaces or infected persons (Alsved et al, 2020). It can be seen that NoV is a threat to public health
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