Abstract
Early terrestrial plants colonizing land likely relied on arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) associations to meet their nutrient needs (Smith and Read 2008 but see Bidartondo et al. 2011). Despite occasional diversifications towards other mycorrhizal association strategies (Hoeksema 2010; Feijen et al. 2018), the AM symbiosis shows a remarkable persistence over evolutionary time (Brundrett and Tedersoo 2018). Not all plants, however, benefit equally from associating with mycorrhiza (Wilson and Hartnett 1998), and it remains unclear why some plant species for which we often observe negative responses (such as Bromus inermis, Poa pratensis and Koeleria pyramidata in Wilson and Hartnett 1998) to mycorrhiza continue to associate with AM fungi.
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