Abstract
Thanks to the bandwidth demand explosion in data centers and telecommunication infrastructures, the data-rate growth for wireline transceivers has been consistently increasing at about 2×/4 yr, as shown in Figure 1. The most-used standards are listed. Peripheral component interconnect express is used ubiquitously in almost all chip-to-chip interfaces. Optical Internetworking Forum (OIF)/Common Electrical Interface (CEI) and Ethernet usually come hand-in-hand for backplanes [long-reach (LR)], chip-to-module [short-reach (SR), or in some standards, medium-reach (MR)] applications. Common Public Radio Interface (CPRI) is the specialized standard for the wireless radio head, connecting between the top of the cell tower to the bottom of the tower, mostly in optical medium. Passive-Optical-Network (PON) distinguishes itself for the burst mode requirement.
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