Abstract
With the rapid evolution in wireless communications and autonomous vehicles, intelligent and autonomous vehicles will be launched soon. Vehicle to Everything (V2X) communications provides driving safety, traffic efficiency, and road information in real-time in vehicular networks. V2X has evolved by integrating cellular 5G and New Radio (NR) access technology in V2X communications (i.e., 5G NR V2X); it can fulfill the ever-evolving vehicular application, communication, and service demands of connected vehicles, such as ultra-low latency, ultra-high bandwidth, ultra-high reliability, and security. However, with the increasing number of intelligent and autonomous vehicles and their safety requirements, there is a backlash in deployment and management because of scalability, poor security and less flexibility. Multi-access Edge Computing (MEC) plays a significant role in bringing cloud services closer to vehicular nodes, which reduces the scalability and flexibility issues. In addition, blockchain has evolved as an effective technology enabler to solve several security, privacy, and networking issues faced by the current 5G-based MEC systems in vehicular networks. Blockchain can be integrated as a strong security mechanism for securing and managing 5G V2X along with MEC. In this survey, we discuss, in detail, state-of-the-art V2X, its evolution based on cellular 5G technology and non-cellular 802.11bd. We investigate the integration of blockchain in 5G-based MEC vehicular networks for security, privacy protection, and content caching. We present the issues and challenges in existing edge computing and 5G V2X and, then, we shed some light on future research directions in these integrated and emerging technologies.
Highlights
Vehicles are important part of our daily commute; they have become a necessity rather than a luxury
We present a review on the adoption of edge-based computing for V2X communications with particular emphasis on integrating promising technologies, such as Multi-access Edge Computing (MEC) and Nonorthogonal multiple access (NOMA), and their applications in data offloading for 5G vehicular networks
The results showed that New Radio (NR) V2X can better handle the Doppler shifts, and as a result, it can outperform IEEE 802.11bd based on reliability [33]
Summary
Vehicles are important part of our daily commute; they have become a necessity rather than a luxury. Some of the examples of security flaws in integrated blockchain in 5G-based MEC are time-stamping dependency, mismanaged exceptions, re-entry attacks on smart contracts, and privacy leakage due to the involvement of malicious nodes in the network All of these issues need to be addressed carefully before implementing 5G networks and edge computing in realistic situations in vehicular networks. We present a review on the adoption of edge-based computing for V2X communications with particular emphasis on integrating promising technologies, such as MEC and Nonorthogonal multiple access (NOMA), and their applications in data offloading for 5G vehicular networks.
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