Evolution of the recombination regulator PRDM9 in minke whales

Abstract

Abstract We explored the structure and variability of the Prdm9 gene, which codes for the PRDM9 protein, in samples of the minke whales from the Atlantic, Pacific and Southern Oceans. The PRDM9 protein controls the reshuffling of parental genomes in most metazoans and we show that minke whale possess all the features characteristic of PRDM9-directed recombination initiation, including complete KRAB, SSXRD and SET domains and a rapidly evolving array of C2H2-type-Zincfingers (ZnF). We uncovered eighteen novel PRDM9 variants and evidence of rapid evolution, particularly at DNA-recognizing positions that evolve under positive selection. At different geographical scales, we observed extensive Prdm9 allelic diversity in Antarctic minke whales (Balaenoptera bonarensis) that, conversely, lack observable population differentiation in mitochondrial DNA and microsatellites. In contrast, a single PRDM9 variant is shared between all Common Minke whales and even across subspecies boundaries of North Atlantic (B. a. acutorostrata) and North Pacific (B. a. scammoni) minke whale, which do show clear population differentiation. PRDM9 variation of whales predicts distinct recombination initiation landscapes genome-wide, which has possible consequences for speciation.