Abstract
Radar altimetry provides unique information on water stages of inland hydro-systems. In this study, the performance of seven altimetry missions, among the most commonly used in land hydrology (i.e., European Remote-Sensing Satellite-2 (ERS-2), ENVIronment SATellite (ENVISAT), Satellite with Argos and ALtika (SARAL), Jason-1, Jason-2, Jason-3 and Sentinel-3A), are assessed using records from a dense in situ network composed of 19 gauge stations in the Inner Niger Delta (IND) from 1995 to 2017. Results show an overall very good agreement between altimetry-based and in situ water levels with correlation coefficient (R) greater than 0.8 in 80% of the cases and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) lower than 0.4 m in 48% of cases. Better agreement is found for the recently launched missions such as SARAL, Jason-3 and Sentinel-3A than for former missions, indicating the advance of the use of the Ka-band for SARAL and of the Synthetic-aperture Radar (SAR) mode for Sentinel-3A. Cross-correlation analysis performed between water levels from the same altimetry mission leads to time-lags between the upstream and the downstream part of the Inner Niger Delta of around two months that can be related to the time residence of water in the drainage area.
Highlights
Surface waters, which are part of the continental branch of the terrestrial water cycle, play an essential role in supplying fresh water for basic human and economic needs
The nominal altimetry ground-tracks from European Remote-Sensing Satellite-2 (ERS-2), ENVIronment SATellite (ENVISAT), Satellite with Argos and ALtika (SARAL) (35-day repeat orbit), Sentinel-3A (27-day repeat orbit), Jason-1, Jason-2 and Jason-3 (10-day repeat orbit) missions present a large number of cross-sections with river streams and floodplains in the Inner Niger Delta (IND)
An extensive assessment of the performance of almost all the missions put in orbit from ERS-2 to Sentinel-3A was performed over the IND
Summary
Surface waters, which are part of the continental branch of the terrestrial water cycle, play an essential role in supplying fresh water for basic human and economic needs. Radar altimetry, was initially used over land to retrieve water levels over homogeneous surfaces such as large lakes and enclosed seas [8,9], and at cross-sections between rivers and altimetry ground-tracks of several kilometers of width in large river basins [10,11]. These early results were obtained using Geosat and Topex/Poseidon (T/P) ranges (i.e., the distance between the satellite and the surface) derived from the Ocean retracking algorithm. Combined with the availability of land-dedicated corrections of the ionosphere, wet troposphere delays and improvements in the data processing, this allowed the generalization of the use of radar altimetry for the monitoring of inland waters [7,13]
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