Abstract
We produced complete sequences and conducted comparative analysis of the maternally inherited chloroplast (cp) genomes and bi-parentally inherited 45S nuclear ribosomal RNA genes (nrDNA) from ten Araliaceae species to elucidate the genetic diversity and evolution in that family. The cp genomes ranged from 155,993 bp to 156,730 bp with 97.1–99.6% similarity. Complete 45S nrDNA units were about 11 kb including a 5.8-kb 45S cistron. Among 79 cp protein-coding genes, 74 showed nucleotide variations among ten species, of which infA, rpl22, rps19 and ndhE genes showed the highest Ks values and atpF, atpE, ycf2 and rps15 genes showed the highest Ka/Ks values. Four genes, petN, psaJ, psbF, and psbN, related to photosynthesis and one gene, rpl23, related to the ribosomal large subunit remain conserved in all 10 Araliaceae species. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the ten species could be resolved into two monophyletic lineages, the Panax-Aralia and the Eleutherococcus-Dendropanax groups, which diverged approximately 8.81–10.59 million years ago (MYA). The Panax genus divided into two groups, with diploid species including P. notoginseng, P. vietnamensis, and P. japonicus surviving in Southern Asia and a tetraploid group including P. ginseng and P. quinquefolius Northern Asia and North America 2.89–3.20 MYA.
Highlights
IntroductionThe Araliaceae ( known as the ginseng family) and the Apiaceae are the major families in the order Apiales belonging to Asterid II1–3
The Araliaceae and the Apiaceae are the major families in the order Apiales belonging to Asterid II1–3
We demonstrated that the Araliaceae family diverged into two monophyletic lineages approximately 8.81–10.59 million years ago (MYA), followed by divergence of genera
Summary
The Araliaceae ( known as the ginseng family) and the Apiaceae are the major families in the order Apiales belonging to Asterid II1–3. The Araliaceae family comprises 55 genera and more than 1,500 plant species widely distributed in tropical, subtropical and temperate regions[4, 5], many of which are used as oriental medicines, such as species in the genus Panax, Eleutherococcus and Aralia[6, 7]. Many studies have reported taxonomical classification and divergence of Araliaceae species based on molecular data derived from a few chloroplast (cp) and nuclear sequences[11,12,13,14,15,16], genetic diversity surveys and molecular phylogenetic classification of Panax and its relatives are still very limited. We characterized cp genomes and 45S nrDNA sequences of ten Araliaceae species including Panax, Aralia, Eleutherococcus, and Dendropanax species and investigated genetic diversity among them to understand diversity and molecular evolution of the Araliaceae species
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