Abstract

espanolLas crecientes disparidades de ingresos, que afectan tanto a los paises en desarrollo como a los desarrollados, son un hecho y, al mismo tiempo, uno de los mayores desafios economicos de los tiempos modernos. Los estudios empiricos en diversas areas usualmente comparan paises usando el coeficiente de Gini o la relacion entre convergencia externa e interna. En menor medida, esos analisis se refieren a la formacion a largo plazo del nivel de desigualdades regionales y el impacto de los principales acontecimientos politicos o economicos en su curso. El objetivo principal de este trabajo es examinar la direccion de los cambios en la distribucion del ingreso en las grandes economias europeas a nivel NUTS2 en 2000-2015. Ese periodo estuvo marcado por la ocurrencia de dos eventos no estandar: la mayor ampliacion de la Union Europea hasta la fecha y la crisis financiera de 2008, que, independientemente de su naturaleza positiva o negativa, coloca a los paises estudiados en una nueva situacion economica en cada ocasion. Por lo tanto, surge la pregunta de si esos puntos de inflexion influyeron en la distribucion del ingreso en las grandes economias europeas como Alemania, Reino Unido, Francia, Italia, Espana y Polonia. Los resultados del estudio indican varias direcciones de los cambios en las disparidades regionales de ingresos durante el periodo investigado. EnglishGrowing income disparities, affecting developing and developed countries alike, are a fact and, at the same time, one of the greatest economic challenges of modern times. Empirical studies in various areas usually compare countries using the Gini coefficient or the relationship between external and internal convergence. To a lesser extent, those analyses concern the long-term formation of the level of regional inequalities and the impact of major political or economic events on their course. The main objective of this work is to examine the direction of changes in income distribution in large European economies at NUTS2 level in 2000-2015. That period was marked by the occurrence of two non-standard events: the largest enlargement of the European Union to date and 2008 financial crisis, which, regardless of their positive or negative nature, put the studied countries in a new economic situation on each occasion. Therefore, the question arises whether those tipping points exerted an influence on the distribution of income in large European economies such as Germany, United Kingdom, France, Italy, Spain, and Poland. The results of the study indicate various directions of the changes in regional income disparities over the researched period.

Highlights

  • The division into the rich and the poor is a growing concern for global social balance, and causes disruptions within developed economies

  • Research shows that periods of deep economic divide are related to events such as the recent financial crisis, because they intensify indebtedness, trigger higher housing market leverage, and enable lobbyists to force through deregulation laws in financial markets (Acemoglu, 2011)

  • The main objective of the research was to test the distribution of income at regional level (NUTS2) in those economies and to attempt to identify the differences between them

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Summary

Introduction

The division into the rich and the poor is a growing concern for global social balance, and causes disruptions within developed economies. Relevant literature points to many negative effects and sources of such inequalities. Those most frequently mentioned include lack of economic mobility and opportunities, lack of macroeconomic stability, and low economic growth (Dabla-Norris, Kochhar, Suphaphiphat, Ricka, & Tsounta, 2015; OECD, 2014). The negative effects of growing disparities include diminishing chances for people with low income to stay healthy and to accumulate physical and human capital (Galor & Moav, 2004). Some publications indicate a clear correlation between the level of inequality and such phenomena as life expectancy, literacy and mathematical skills, infant mortality, murder, prison population, teenage motherhood, confidence, obesity, mental illness (including addictions), and social mobility (Wilkinson & Pickett, 2009). As for strictly economic effects of the growing stratification, increasing likelihood of a financial crisis needs to be mentioned in the first place. Research shows that periods of deep economic divide are related to events such as the recent financial crisis, because they intensify indebtedness, trigger higher housing market leverage, and enable lobbyists to force through deregulation laws in financial markets (Acemoglu, 2011)

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